Development of science in Mesoamerica:

• Examples:

  MAYA CIVILIZATION

  INCA CIVILIZATION

  AZTEC CIVILIATION

MAYA CIVILIZATION

• Well-known for their works in Astronomy understanding celestial bodies, predicting eclipse & the use of astrological cycles in planting and harvesting.

• Weave cloth, & first people to produce rubber products around 3,000 years.

• One of the world’s first civilization to use a writing, the

  Mayan hieroglyphics.

• Skilled in Mathematics, and developed number systems based on numeral 20.

INCA CIVILIZATION

• Stone Buildings.

• Irrigation system

• Calendar with 12 mos,

• First suspension bridge

• Quipu (knotted ropes)

• Inca textiles

AZTEC CIVILIZATION

• Were a Mesoamerican culture that flourished in central Mexico in the post-classic period from 1300 to 1521.

CONTRIBUTIONS

1. Mandatory education - Boys and girls were required to attend lessons, though typically boys received more education than girls.

2. Chocolates - which they called xocolatl, was mostly an upper-class extravagance.

3. Antispasmodic medication

4. Chinampa - Rectangular areas of fertile arable land to grow crops on the shallow lake beds in the Valley of Mexico.

5. Aztec calendar - This calendar comprises 260 days, which are divided into 13 months, with 20 days each month.

6. Invention of canoe - These canoes were made from hollowed-out logs burned by fire.

DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN ASIA

INDIA

• Well known for manufacturing iron and metallurgical works.

• Traditional medicine.

• Notable in the field of Astronomy.

• Known for their mathematics.

RULES OF BRAHMAGUPTA

• The rules of governing the use of zero appeared for the first time in Bramagupta’s Siddhanta (The opening of the universe).

• Here Brahmagupta considers not only zero, but negative numbers, and the algebraic rules for the elementary operations of arithmetic with such numbers.

CHINA

SUBSTANTIAL CONTRIBUTIONS:

• MEDICINE

• ASTRONOMY

• SCIENCE & MATHEMATICS

• ART & PHILOSOPHY

• MUSIC & AMONG OTHERS

• TECHNOLOGY

  Seismology - The entire branch of geology dedicated to studying earthquakes and earthquake waves is called seismology.

  Seismographs - The instruments used to measure and record seismic waves.

MIDDLE EAST COUNTRIES

Ibn al-Haytham - Regarded as FATHER OF OPTICS (INTROMISSION THEORY OF LIGHT).

Muhammad Ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi - Founded the concept of algorithm and algebra derived from al-jabar.

Ibn Sina - Pioneered the science of Experimental Medicine and the discovery of contagious disease and introduction of Clinical Pharmacology.

Jabir Ibn Hayyan - FATHER OF CHEMISTRTY and the foundation of Modern Chemistry.

DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN AFRICA

• ASTRONOMY

• MATHEMATICS

• MEDICINE

• ALCHEMY

LEBOMBO BONE - Oldest known calendar—a baboon fibia with 29 notches. A 29-30 day lunar calendar is found all over the ancient world. Believed to have been used for lunar and menstrual cycle.

EGYPTIANS are good in 4 FUNDAMENTAL MATHEMATICS OPERATIONS and otheer mathematical skills. They also have basic knowledge on Alegbra & Trigonometry.