Revision
how the World Bank classifies countries
The World Bank classifies countries based on their Gross National Income (GNI) per capita, into 3 groups, Low income countries, Middle income countries and high income countries. It is measured based on USD.
characteristics of high-, middle- and low-income countries
Social: higher education rates in high-income countries and lower birth rates in high-income countries.
Economic: bigger range of industries in high income countries and lower incomes in low income countries: extreme poverty - less than USD 1.90 a day
Environmental: access to safe water and sanitation in high income countries, low income countries often lack adequate housing
similarities and differences in health status and burden of disease
Similarities: females have a higher life expectancy than males, the under 5 mortality rate has improved in most countries, the rate of YLD generally increases with life expectancy
Differences: the lower the income, the lower the life expectancy, low income countries experience higher rates of morbidity and mortality, maternal mortality is significantly higher in low income countries
factors that contribute to health status and burden of disease in different countries
Maternal mortality: mothers in low income countries may not be able to receive adequate treatment for high risk pregnancies such as giving birth at a young age which has a higher chance of developing preeclampsia which can be a life threatening condition without medical intervention and can lead to death, increasing maternal mortality.
Morbidity: people in low income countries may not have access to safe water and sanitation. Drinking unsafe water can lead to diseases such as cholera which would increase the rates of morbidity, due to developing cholera from unsafe water.
Life expectancy: people in low income countries may not have access to adequate housing. This may mean that they are living in overcrowded houses. When living in overcrowded houses there is a higher likelihood of communicable diseases such as tuberculosis which is spread through the air, being transmitted to other people. If left untreated, tuberculosis can cause premature death, decreasing life expectancy.
safe water
Safe water is water that is free from contaminants and will not cause you harm.
Diarrhoea can be caused by drinking unsafe water, which can negatively impact YLD. The body dehydrates because of diarrhoea however more unsafe water needs to be consumed because of thirst. This causes more deadly bacteria to be consumed and can lead to other conditions such as cholera which can lead to premature death, particularly in children. Therefore, increasing the Under 5 Mortality Rate.
Poverty
Poverty can prevent people in low-income countries from accessing healthcare, meaning that conditions such as heart disease could be left untreated and lead to premature death, therefore lowering life expectancy.
Inequality and discrimination
Inequality: different groups being treated unfairly
Discrimination: unfair treatment of particular groups
Many people all around the world may be discriminated against due to their sexual orientation. This can lead to higher rates of depression and anxiety in these groups and could eventually lead to premature death due to suicide, increasing mortality rates.
global distribution and marketing of tobacco
Due to lower taxes on tobacco in low income countries, many tobacco manufacturers market towards low income countries to earn a higher profit on their products. Due to the marketing of tobacco, it encourages children to start smoking at a young age. Smoking has many harmful side effects for young children such as a higher risk of developing asthma, increasing the prevalence of asthma in low income countries.
Processed foods
many people have neglected their traditional diets, which are often low in fat, for Westernised foods. These are often high in fat, salt and/or sugar and contribute to a more energy-dense diet, contributing to an increased incidence of lifestyle diseases, such as cardiovascular disease.
Sustainability
Sustainability: creating an equitable society that meets the needs of all citizens and can be maintained indefinitely
Economic sustainability: relates to the capacity of future generations to earn an income and efficient use of resources to allow economic growth over time, in line with inflation and living costs.
As the world’s population grows, economic sustainability will mean an increase in employment opportunities. This means all people of working age will have the opportunity to work and earn a purpose in life, promoting spiritual health and wellbeing
Social sustainability: creating an equitable society that meets the needs of all citizens at the present without compromising the ability to meet these needs for future generations
The opportunities available in a society must be equitable for all people. Improving political and legal rights by developing policies that prevent discrimination and promote equal opportunity for education and employment can reduce anxiety as people feel socially included which promotes mental health and wellbeing.
Environmental sustainability: ensuring the natural environment is used in a way that will preserve resources into the future
Sustainable use of renewable resources can promote health and wellbeing by preserving natural environments that many people value for cultural reasons, which promotes spiritual health and wellbeing.
HDI
a tool to measure and rank countries based on their level of social and economic development
Strength: it doesn’t just show the economic factors but the social ones as well
Limitation: it doesn’t account for the inequalities and injustices within a country
3 dimensions:
long and healthy life
knowledge
a decent standard of living
measured by 4 indicators:
life expectancy at birth
mean years of schooling
expected years of schooling
GNI per capita
Climate change
Rising sea levels
Rising sea levels can lead to the destruction of people’s homes, jobs, or livelihoods (e.g. if food crops are destroyed, people can lose their capacity to earn an income). This may lead to individuals having a lower sense of hope for the future and reduce their sense of purpose which often comes from working, negatively impacting spiritual health and wellbeing.
Extreme weather events
Climate change has led to extreme heat and draughts in some parts of the world. This extreme weather event can negatively impact physical health and wellbeing by reducing the functioning of the body and its systems due to heat stroke from extremely hot weather conditions.
Changing weather patterns
Increased heavy rainfall can lead to more frequent flash flooding. This can create stress and anxiety amongst individuals about their property becoming damaged, negatively impacting mental health and wellbeing.
Mass Migration
Those who experience mass migration may struggle to settle into life in their new country, such as finding it hard to secure a job or build connections with those in their community. This can negatively impact spiritual health and wellbeing as they may not feel like they belong in their new community and may lack a sense of purpose.
how the World Bank classifies countries
The World Bank classifies countries based on their Gross National Income (GNI) per capita, into 3 groups, Low income countries, Middle income countries and high income countries. It is measured based on USD.
characteristics of high-, middle- and low-income countries
Social: higher education rates in high-income countries and lower birth rates in high-income countries.
Economic: bigger range of industries in high income countries and lower incomes in low income countries: extreme poverty - less than USD 1.90 a day
Environmental: access to safe water and sanitation in high income countries, low income countries often lack adequate housing
similarities and differences in health status and burden of disease
Similarities: females have a higher life expectancy than males, the under 5 mortality rate has improved in most countries, the rate of YLD generally increases with life expectancy
Differences: the lower the income, the lower the life expectancy, low income countries experience higher rates of morbidity and mortality, maternal mortality is significantly higher in low income countries
factors that contribute to health status and burden of disease in different countries
Maternal mortality: mothers in low income countries may not be able to receive adequate treatment for high risk pregnancies such as giving birth at a young age which has a higher chance of developing preeclampsia which can be a life threatening condition without medical intervention and can lead to death, increasing maternal mortality.
Morbidity: people in low income countries may not have access to safe water and sanitation. Drinking unsafe water can lead to diseases such as cholera which would increase the rates of morbidity, due to developing cholera from unsafe water.
Life expectancy: people in low income countries may not have access to adequate housing. This may mean that they are living in overcrowded houses. When living in overcrowded houses there is a higher likelihood of communicable diseases such as tuberculosis which is spread through the air, being transmitted to other people. If left untreated, tuberculosis can cause premature death, decreasing life expectancy.
safe water
Safe water is water that is free from contaminants and will not cause you harm.
Diarrhoea can be caused by drinking unsafe water, which can negatively impact YLD. The body dehydrates because of diarrhoea however more unsafe water needs to be consumed because of thirst. This causes more deadly bacteria to be consumed and can lead to other conditions such as cholera which can lead to premature death, particularly in children. Therefore, increasing the Under 5 Mortality Rate.
Poverty
Poverty can prevent people in low-income countries from accessing healthcare, meaning that conditions such as heart disease could be left untreated and lead to premature death, therefore lowering life expectancy.
Inequality and discrimination
Inequality: different groups being treated unfairly
Discrimination: unfair treatment of particular groups
Many people all around the world may be discriminated against due to their sexual orientation. This can lead to higher rates of depression and anxiety in these groups and could eventually lead to premature death due to suicide, increasing mortality rates.
global distribution and marketing of tobacco
Due to lower taxes on tobacco in low income countries, many tobacco manufacturers market towards low income countries to earn a higher profit on their products. Due to the marketing of tobacco, it encourages children to start smoking at a young age. Smoking has many harmful side effects for young children such as a higher risk of developing asthma, increasing the prevalence of asthma in low income countries.
Processed foods
many people have neglected their traditional diets, which are often low in fat, for Westernised foods. These are often high in fat, salt and/or sugar and contribute to a more energy-dense diet, contributing to an increased incidence of lifestyle diseases, such as cardiovascular disease.
Sustainability
Sustainability: creating an equitable society that meets the needs of all citizens and can be maintained indefinitely
Economic sustainability: relates to the capacity of future generations to earn an income and efficient use of resources to allow economic growth over time, in line with inflation and living costs.
As the world’s population grows, economic sustainability will mean an increase in employment opportunities. This means all people of working age will have the opportunity to work and earn a purpose in life, promoting spiritual health and wellbeing
Social sustainability: creating an equitable society that meets the needs of all citizens at the present without compromising the ability to meet these needs for future generations
The opportunities available in a society must be equitable for all people. Improving political and legal rights by developing policies that prevent discrimination and promote equal opportunity for education and employment can reduce anxiety as people feel socially included which promotes mental health and wellbeing.
Environmental sustainability: ensuring the natural environment is used in a way that will preserve resources into the future
Sustainable use of renewable resources can promote health and wellbeing by preserving natural environments that many people value for cultural reasons, which promotes spiritual health and wellbeing.
HDI
a tool to measure and rank countries based on their level of social and economic development
Strength: it doesn’t just show the economic factors but the social ones as well
Limitation: it doesn’t account for the inequalities and injustices within a country
3 dimensions:
long and healthy life
knowledge
a decent standard of living
measured by 4 indicators:
life expectancy at birth
mean years of schooling
expected years of schooling
GNI per capita
Climate change
Rising sea levels
Rising sea levels can lead to the destruction of people’s homes, jobs, or livelihoods (e.g. if food crops are destroyed, people can lose their capacity to earn an income). This may lead to individuals having a lower sense of hope for the future and reduce their sense of purpose which often comes from working, negatively impacting spiritual health and wellbeing.
Extreme weather events
Climate change has led to extreme heat and draughts in some parts of the world. This extreme weather event can negatively impact physical health and wellbeing by reducing the functioning of the body and its systems due to heat stroke from extremely hot weather conditions.
Changing weather patterns
Increased heavy rainfall can lead to more frequent flash flooding. This can create stress and anxiety amongst individuals about their property becoming damaged, negatively impacting mental health and wellbeing.
Mass Migration
Those who experience mass migration may struggle to settle into life in their new country, such as finding it hard to secure a job or build connections with those in their community. This can negatively impact spiritual health and wellbeing as they may not feel like they belong in their new community and may lack a sense of purpose.
