World History

Age of Exploration

• For “God, Glory, and Gold”

-Explorations

1. Wealth- trade for pisces and other valuables from Asia

2. Spread Christianity

3. New Tech- cartographer(map makers)

   1. Astrolabe- tool for determining latitude while at sea

-Portugal Leads

• Henry the Navigator- Founded a navigation school, invested in exploration

• Bartolomeu Dias(Portugal)1488 discovered the southern tip of Africa, proved ships could reach Asia by sailing around Africa 

• Vasco da Gama- sailed to Calicut, India, trading for valuable spices, silks, and gems(1497)

Scurvy- swollen bleeding gums due to lack of vitamin C

-Spani’s Conquests

• King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella  of Spain funded Christopher Columbus

• Landed in the Caribbean Islands 1492 and they found no gold, made 4 voyages, died unaware of his discovery 

-More stuff

• Line of Demarcation- Gave Spain rights to any lands west of the line and Portugal rights to the east of the line 

• Treaty of Tordesillas- treaty creating the Line of Demarcation

-Amerigo Vespucci

• Claimed Columbus had discovered a “New World” thus - America (1507)

-Magellan

• 1519 Ferdinand Magellan set out to find a western route to Asia 

• 1st to pass around the southern tip of S. America

• 1st to circumnavigate the world proved the world is round

-Spain’s Empire

• COnquistor- Spanish conqueror

• Hernando Cortes- Conquered the Aztecs(Mexico)

• Montezuma- Aztec king killed 

• Why did the Spanish win? 1.advanced weapons, 2.disease, 3.native allies 

•  Franciso Pizarro conquered Peru

• Conquest results: Spain culture and catholicism spread to Latin and S. America

• Spain became rich 

-Spanish colonies

• Peninsulares- Spanish settlers

• Mestizo mixed Spanish and Native American

• Encomienda grant for land and native slaves given Spanish rulers

• Missionaries- setup throughout colonies to spread Christianity 

-Colonial class system

1. Peninsulares

2. Creoles(Spanish Blood born in America)

3. Mestizos

4. Mulattos

5. Native Indians and African Slaves 

Northern Europe in North America

-French colonies

• Jacques Cartier- claimed Canada for France

• Samuel de Champlain- founded New France and Quebec

• Results: 1.Little colonization, 2.Fur trade made $$$

-English Colonies

• Jamestown- 1st English colony, made $ from tobacco

• Plymouth- 2nd colony, founded by Pilgrims for religious freedom

• Massachusetts Bay- founded by Puritans for religious freedom 

Atlantic Slave Trade

-Triangular Trade 

• Trade route between 3 continents - included slaves

• Slavery- used to replenish dead Native American slaves, worked tobacco and sugar

• Middle passage- the slave transfer between Africa and North America

• By 1800, 11 million slaves taken to the Americas

• 2 million died in the middle passage 

-Effects on Africa

• Decline of some African states

• West Africa- some small states disappeared forever

• Created new African states 

• Rulers attacked other Africans to control the slave trade in their region 

-The Columbian Exchange

• The transfer of animals, plants, culture, humans, diseases, technology and idea between America and Europe/Africa

• To Europe: peanuts, pineapples, cocoa, tomatoes, potatoes, and more 

• To the Americas: wheat, cow, and the hose. Firearms, the wheel and axle, technologies that Natives Americans didn’t have(laws and languages)

-Native Americans devastated from Europe:

• Smallpox, mumps, influenza

• Wiped out entire populations

-Mercantilism

• Mercantilism- nation’s wealth is measured by its gold and silver

• Nations must export(sell) more goods than it imports(buys)

• Colonies exist as customers and suppliers of raw materials

• Force colonies to trade only w/them

• Imposed tariffs- taxes on imported goods