Global Studies Midterm

Geoculture: common cultural patterns shared among the world, not an attribute of the world economy

World economy: large geographic zone within which there is a division of labor, not bounded by a unitary political structure, contains many cultures and groups, structure is unified by the division of labor

Capitalist system: a collection of institutions that gives priority to the endless accumulation of capital, firms and people accumulate capital for the purpose of accumulating more capital, works in conjunction with world economy, needs large market and a multiplicity of states; involves markets, states, firms, households, classes, groups, identities

Free market: claimed by Wallerstein to be myth; a market without interference in which all parties have perfect information, meaning all sellers and buyers knew state of cost of production

Qusai-monopoly/oligopoly: endorsed by the state by patents, subsidies, etc., but with finite life span when patent expire/ similar products are made, eventually no longer leading market

Core products: products controlled by quasi monopolies, associated with strong states

Periphery products: products that are truly competitive, associated with weak states

Core/periphery: degree of profitability of the production processes, directly related to degree of monopolization (page 56)

Core - an industry in which

Periphery - an industry

Semiperipheral industries: a mix of core and periphery

Unequal exchange: When competitive products are in a weak position and quasi monopolized products are in a strong position. As a result, there is a constant flow of surplus-value from the producers of peripheral products to the producers of core like products

Taking production to a periphery state to increase the profit margin, more so within the means of production, ex. Outsourcing labor
Killing the goose that lays the golden egg
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Ex. Reselling tickets,

Capital - resources that can accumulate more wealth on its own ex. Land, a business

Division of labor - axial division of labor between core and periphery (as opposed to Quijano racial division of labor) pg. 56

wallerstein more a geographic division of labor and quijano a biological and racial distinction
Quijano talks about intra and inter country division of labor (white, wage, indigenous, serfdom, Africa, slavery)

Wallerstein thinks about how capitalism organizes global space as opposed to Marx’ class distinctions and trajectories

(Self liquidation) Cycle of core products: (reversal of cyclical curve of the world economy)

more extensive employment, higher wage levels, general sense of relative prosperity
More firms enter the market lead to overproduction
Increase price competition, lowering profit
Buildup of unsold products slows further production
Stagnation or recession, rates of unemployment rise
Producers seek to reduce cost
Relocation of production processes to zones with historically low wages (semi peripheral countries)
In turn lowers wages in core zones
Demand lack again because of the earning of consumer
1. Oligopolies export unemployment to other core states by outcompeting with their state machineries

Unchangeable identity: “What are you”, a given that cannot be changes, an essentialist view of identity

Essentialism: idea that certain categories have an underlying reality or true nature (google search)

Axis of power: The planes in which powers stand in relation to each other “The West and the Rest”, Western and non-Westerm, Capitalist and anti-capitalist, a binary structure of power

Positivism: looks at research as potentially objective, a system that holds that every rationally justifiable assertion can be scientifically verified or is capable of logical proof (rejects metaphysics)

Velvet Curtain of culture: What Huntington states has replaced the iron curtain of ideology as the most significant dividing line (in Europe)

Modernity: a concept often used by the west to imply development, advancement, technological progress, and civility that is prescribed to western traditions and deprived from the orient

Strategic location: “a way of describing the author’s position in a text with regard to the Oriental material he writes about”, the idea that knowledge production depends on who has the power to express and control ideas (page 20)

Strategic formation: the way that texts acquire density and power among themselves, an internal consistency that reinforce each other, an echo chamber of sorts that makes powerful perspectives canonical

political knowledge - biased knowledge that comes from positionality

Pure knowledge - hides the fact that all knowledge is born of political formation (discourse)

Eurocentrism: An ideology based on two founding myths (evolutionism and dualism): that history has evolved and culminated in Europe (evolutionism) and that the difference between Europeans and non-Europeans is a result of essential racial differences and not differences in power (dualism) (page 542)

a distorted mirror

Civilization as trajectory: (myth one in the theory of Eurocentrism) a theory of history that claims civilization departed from a state of nature and culminated in Europe, posits Europe as most developed, modern, and technically advanced, also known as evolutionism

(More info on first (not new) paragraph of 547)

Intersubjectivity: the idea of relational terms such as core/periphery/ sacred/profane, western/non-western, European/non-european, in that one does not exist without the other, a relation that is characterized by dependence on the other to exist (but there is an imbalance of power between the two)

relational identities that are internalized
Become who we are through interactions with others, created in relation to others (parents, teachers, friends)
can be solved by the “desacralization of hierachies” page 548
Global intersubjectivity, global identities account for the way that people are racialized in similar way have similar places in the division of labor
Like Said, inventing the orient is as much an invention of Europe as it is an invention of the middle east

Positionality - how who we are as knowledge producers have vested interests in the knowledge that we produce, how our own intellectual subject formation position us in relation to a text, idea, people etc.

Modernity: ambiguous and contradictory, a concept that does not always describe the advancement of society, but instead where one group (Europe) configures space and time toward themselves

this narrative imposed through violence

Myth of modernity: the idea of evolutionism that Europe uses to claim that their society is the culmination of human history (myth 1 of Eurocentrism)

Rationality: a system that provides a set amount of way to make judgment (Eurocentrism an example of this)

Coloniality: a system of domination dependent on a biological or naturalized race which organizes and provides a logic to the control of labor

capitalism fundamentally racist because based on coloniality of power

Commodity fetischism: source of labor erased when consumer focuses on commodity itself as opposed to where it came from (not required to know)

Nation: a people

State: a political body or legal system, an institution

Capital: a social relation based on the commodification of the labor force

Eurocentric mirror: the composite, partial, and distorted.

Nationalization (according to Quijano): a two step process of internal domination and external colonization

Internal domination: When a state subjugates and exploits the marginalized people of its territory (What Spain could have done to the Muslims and Jews)

In the case of Spain: “The existence of a strong central state was not sufficient to produce a process of relative homogenization of a previously diverse and heterogeneous population in order to create a common identity and a strong and long-lasting loyalty to that identity.” 559

However, France was successful at this

External colonization: when a nation dominates people of different identities than those of the colonizers in territories outside of the state (imperial) (558)

The southern cone (Argentina, Chile, Uruguay), exterminated and displaced indigenous inhabitants of land, rapid concentration of land possession into European (Spanish and Portuguese) hands

\n Decolonization: A process that is incommensurable with social justice, returning land to indigious people

abolition an anti-colonial stand, but not decolonizing
Civil rights movements an investment in a colonial project, reinforcing the settler structure to include black and brown settlers, ex. Voting rights
Decolonization characterized by justice for the few whereas civil rights tries for equality for all

Icommernrability: unable to be measured or considered together, irreconcilable

ex incommensurability of reoccupy and decolonize
Worker rights can be anti-capitalist and pro colonial

Settler: establish the law

Immigrant: have to get accustomed to the law

Settler colonialism: operates through an internal/external colonial mode simultaneously because there is no spatial separation between metropole and colony (page 5)

extractive, recoding things natural and indigenous as resources
Prisons, ghettos, schools etc.

Anti-colonialism - a reversal of the settler system, colonized gain settle experience, a seizure of the state instead of undoing the state, Fanon, external colonialism, kicking out external colonizers, whereas decolonization insists on rethinking of very conditions of life.

Fanon says kicking out colonizers initially changes nothing at all, could be argued as a first step to decolonization

Social justice - reformist projects that strive for equality within the settler system, ultimately reinforces the state

Thinking about settler colonial context in north america where indigenous population is less than 1%

External colonization (colony) - expropriation of indigenous world, turned into resources for the colonizer, extractive colonialism ex. Take jewels, oil, labor,

number of colonizers small compared to settler colonialism

Internal colonization (metorople) - not a homogenous population, biopolitical and goepolitcal management of land and people within the metropole

use tactics like schools ex. Boarding schools to teach language religion, ghettoization, prisons

Moves to innocence - ways of rationalizing or separating oneself from role in colonialism

Nativism : “indian grandmother syndrome”

Settler adoption fantasy - adopt indignoues way to be able to ex. Lawrence of arabia

“to become without becoming” on page 13

Equivocation - seeing all struggles as the same, creating ambiguity to absolve condemnation/ accountability

homogenizing the various experiences of oppression as colonization
Allows ambiguity between decolonization and social justice work, especially among people of color, queer people, and other matginalized groups
Settler-native-slave triangle, settler/ immirant relation

Free your mind and the rest will follow - the idea of decolonizing the mind, that decolonization can be mental or a metaphor absolves tangible changes (criticizes Fanon/Freire)

Asterisk/ At risk people- naming vulnerable/high risk, often disregarded in data, to make negligible or miniscule

described as on the brink of extinction

Re-occupation and urban homesteading - the Occupy social justice movement to redistribute wealth, while ignoring the fact that the wealth that they are redistributing takes the form of land that is not theirs to redistribute in the first place

assumes land is property, belongs to the US, and should be distributed democratically
Pg 24 “the beliefs that land can be owned by people, and occupation is a right is an anthropocentric colonial world view

Decolonization is not a metaphor - cannot be substituted for other projects, ways of thinking, knowledge

making it into metaphor reinforces settler structure

Manichaean: dualist, cut into two, binary in a way that one is good and evil, black and white

(Marxist terms below)

Substructure: a base, mechanisms and means of production

everything for Marx based on substructure, everything builds off of idea of bourgeoisie and proletariat relation, basic economic foundation

Superstructure: the state or institutions that are a result of the mechanisms