Micro Chp 1.

Microbiology: study of living things too small to be seen without a microscope

-          Ex: viruses, fungi, bacteria, etc..(microbes/germs)

Aseptic technique:

a procedure that prevents contamination

Robert Hooke:

 discovered plant cells with a microscope.

 (first person to use the word cell),

 mechanic student,

 chemical student at Oxford.

Leeuwenhoek:

                Credited with discovering microbes.

Theory of Spontaneous Generation:

                HYPOTHESIS-Aristotle organisms can come forth from nonliving material (disproved, redi)

D. Redi

                conducted a meat & flies experiment.

E. Pasteur

                Microbes can be destroyed/blocked

                Developed the rabies vaccine

Biogenesis:

 living things come from other living things

G. Tyndall

                Discovered some microbes can exist in 2 forms.

                1 killed by heat, and the other is resistant to heat.

H. Cohn

                Discovered endospores (heat resistant form of bacteria)

Virchow

All cells come from pre-existing cells

First to recognize leukemia cells

Plagiarized the observation of cell theory (division)

J.Lister

        Name later used for Listerine

Used phenol to kill microbes for doctor sheets (filled with blood, and bacteria)

K. Jenner

        Used vaccines of smallpox to build the immune system

L. Alexander Fleming

        Discovered penicillin.

M. Koch

        Determines that microbes caused specific diseases

STEPS OF SCIENTIFIC METHOD

        Observation/Question

        Hypothesis(educated guess)-testable

        Experiment (helps to prove hypothesis)

 – produces data (experimental group/control group)

The experimental group receives the treatment or factor being investigated

The control group receives no treatment but as similar to experimental as possible

                                Conclusion – explains the results of an experiment.

                                Report/inform – peer-reviewed journals

                                Theory – evidence supports a hypothesis

Normal microbiota – normal beneficial bacteria that live on the body, that support the immune system

Human microbiome Project:               DNA sequencing of the microbes in the human body

The role of microbes:

                Nitrogen cycle – microbes break down nitrogen to be used

Microbes degrade nutrients for animals, dead material and pollutants

Used to make food and various products.

  Nitrogen Fixation: Special bacteria in the soil or plant roots convert nitrogen from the air into a form that plants can use.

  Nitrification: Other bacteria change this nitrogen into nitrates, which plants can absorb through their roots.

  Assimilation: Plants use these nitrates to grow and produce proteins. Animals then eat the plants and use the nitrogen to build their own proteins.

  Ammonification: When plants and animals die, decomposers break down their bodies, releasing nitrogen back into the soil as ammonia.

  Denitrification: Some bacteria convert the ammonia back into nitrogen gas, which returns to the atmosphere.

Rod shaped bacteria – Bacillus

Round - cocci

Curve -  vibrio

Spiral-spirillum

Pleomorphic – variable shape (some may appear rod-shaped; some may appear spherical)

                                Diplo-occur in pairs

                                Strepto -occurs as a chain

                                Staphylo – cluster

                                Sarcina- packets of 4 or 8

                                Pathogens- Disease-causing microbes

                                EID-Emerging infectious diseases (journals of potential epidemics)

Prokaryotes – bacteria cells

Eukaryotes -  animal/fungi cells

3 domains of living organisms – Bacteria, archaea, Eukarya (protists,fungi,plants,animals

5 kingdoms of Whittaker- kingdom: Monera, Protoctista, fungi, Plantae, Animalia

Kingdom = (KING) Monera, Protista, fungi, plant, animal (broadest)

Phylum – (PHILLIP) separates based off of certain group+ structure details animals with a notochord (a flexible rod-like structure), such as mammals, birds, and fish.

Class   (CAME) Each phylum is divided into classes. This category groups organisms

that share more specific characteristics. For example, within the Phylum Chordata, the Class Mammalia includes all mammals, which are characterized by having hair and mammary glands.

Order   (OVER) - Classes are further divided into orders. This category groups organisms that share even more specific characteristics. For example, within the Class Mammalia, the Order Carnivora includes meat-eating mammals like lions, bears, and wolves.                                                                                                                                        

Family (FOR)- Orders are divided into families. This category groups organisms that are closely related and share similar traits. For example, within the Order Carnivora, the Family Felidae includes cats like lions, tigers, and domestic cats.                                                                      

Genus (GOOD)-            Families are divided into genera (plural of genus). This category groups species that are very closely related and often share a common ancestor. For example, within the Family Felidae, the Genus Panthera includes big cats like lions (Panthera leo) and tigers (Panthera tigris).                                                                                                 

Species(SOUP) -This is the most specific category. It represents individual organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring. For example, Panthera leo is the species name for lions, and Panthera tigris is the species name for tigers.                                                                                                         

Human microbiome project (archaea, fungi, viruses, parasites)

Binomial nomenclature: genus and species (Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus megaterium)