APUSH U12

APUSH- 2/22/23

Unit 12 - Empire and Progress

Ch. 27-28 (1890-1912)

 

Chapter 27

America Turns Outward
  • National ambition for overseas expansion
    • Expanded resources and markets
    • Big Sister policy
    • Latin America nations behind Uncle Sam’s leadership
  • Great Rapprochement
    • Multiple crisis with Great Britain avoided
    • Two nations reconcile
  • Cartoon showing the potential animosity between uncle sam and John Bull
Spurning the Hawaiian Pear
  • Hawai’i was an early attraction for Americans
    • Location, religion, sugar
  • McKinley Tariff
    • Taxed Hawaiian sugar
    • Planters organized a successful revolt early 1893
    • US. would not annex until 1898
  • Lily Okelani
Cubans Rise in Revolt
  • Cuba rose against their SPanish oppressor (1895)
    • The roots of the revolt were partly economic
    • Spanish general “Butcher” Weyler took charge
  • Maine to Cuba for a “friendly visit” (1898)
    • Maine mysteriously blew up in Havana harbor
  • McKinley sent his war message to Congress
    • Congress adopted the Teller Amendment
    • U.S. would fight for Cuba’s freedom
Dewey’s May Day Victory at Manila
  • U.S. plunged into war (May, 1898)
  • Commodore dewey attacked Spain’s Philippines
    • Assisted by Emilio Aguinaldo
  • Pacific war increased a desire for Hawaii
    • Hawaii received full territorial status in 1900
  • Spain surrenders The Philippines (Aug., 1898)
The Confused Invasion of Cuba
  • The Rough Riders
    • Regiments of volunteers
    • Organized principally by Teddy Roosevelt
    • Commanded by Colonel Leonard Wood
Spain soon signed armistice (Aug, 1898)
  • U.S. deaths: ~5000 died of disease, 400 by combat
America’s Course (Curse?) of Empire
  • Paris Treaty (18989) ends Spanish-American War
    • Cuba gains independence (from Spanish overlords)
    • U.S. gains Guam, Puerto Rico, Philippines
    • U.S. paid $20 million for Manila
  • The Anti-Imperialist League
    • Don't annex Philippines
    • Don't make Philippines a colony
Perplexities in Puerto Rico and Cuba
  • The Insular Cases
    • Puerto Ricans/Filipinos subject to American rule
    • But they did not enjoy all American rights
  • The anomalous Puerto Rico
    • The Foraker Act (1900)
    • Congress granted U.S. citizenship in 1917
  • Cubans forced to accept Platt Amendment (1901)
    • U.S. intervention when U.S. saw necessary
    • Gave the US the right to intervene in Cuba's internal affairs whenever they saw it in their interest
New Horizons in Two Hemispheres
  • Spanish-American War - a “splendid little war”
    • Short (113 days) and successful
  • U.S. became a full-fledged Asian power
“Little Brown Brothers” in the Philippines
  • Disappointed Filipinos hoped for independence
    • Emilio Augianldo fights back (1800-1901)
    • United States was forced to deploy 126,000 troops
    • 4,234 Americans, ~600,000 Filipinos died
  • William H. Taft became governor in 1901
    • He called them his “little brown brothers”
    • “Benevolent assimilation” policy
    • Cost U.S. millions
    • Filipinos wanted freedom
Hinging the Open Door in China
  • Open Door note (1899)
    • Respect Chinese rights
    • Keep China an “open door” to fair trade
  • Boxer rebellion
    • Anti- foreigner uprising
  • Results of the Boxer Rebellion
    • Europeans/Americans win & control trade
    • Tens of thousands died
    • Chinese forced to pay $333million reparations
Imperialism or Bryanism in 1900
  • McKinley renominated by Republicans in 1900
  • William Jennings Bryan, choice of the Democrats
  • 1900 Election results
    • mcKinley wins popular vote 7,218,491 to 6,356,734
    • Electoral College 292 to 155 for mcKinley
  • Victory for the Republicans
    • Won b/c of Prosperity & protectionism. (The 2 P’s)
TR: Brandisher of the Big Stick
  • William McKinley murdered in September 1901
  • Teddy Roosevelt becomes President (age 42)
    • Ardent champion of military and naval preparedness
  • He loved people and mingled with all ranks
    • Disregarded delicate checks and balances
    • Take any action not forbidden by Constitution
Building the Panama Canal
  • Hay-Pauncefote Treaty: between US and GB
    • Gave US, legal right to build canal
  • Congress decided on Panama route (June 1902)
    • The columbian senate rejected U.S. offer
    • Panama rebels, US defends Panama and buys land
  • Panama canal Construction begins in 1904
    • Cost was ~$400 million, completed in 1914
TR’s Perversion of Monroe’s Doctrine
  • The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine
    • “Preventive intervention” by the U.S.
    • No Europeans could push around Latin America
  • TR’s promote the “Bad Neighbor” policy
    • U.S. seen as the ‘Colossus of the North’
    • Policy used to justify wholesale interventions
    • Took it upon ourselves to be the policemen of the western hemisphere
Roosevelt on the World Stage
  • Russo - Japanese War (1904-1906)
    • Japan attacks Port Arthur (1904)
    • Russia’s counter attacks fail (1905)
    • TR negotiates a peace (1906)
  • TR received the Nobel Peace prize in 1906
    • Russia & Japan both upset about treaty
    • Japan and America now became rivals in Asia
Japanese Laborers in California
  • Side effect of the Russo-Japanese War
    • Japanese immigrants poured into California
    • TR negotiated the “Gentlemen’s Agreement”
  • TR sends out “The Great White Fleet” (1907)
  • U.S./Japan sign Root-Takahira agreement (1908)
    • Both agree to respect the other’s Pacific possessions
    • And to uphold the “Open Door’ in China

Chapter 28 - Progressivism and

1.Progressive Roots
  • Progressive ideas and theories
    • Against “let alone” (laissez-faire) policy/philosophy
    • The people, through government, must act/help
  • Politicians and writers bean to pinpoint target
    • Socialists gained support in elections
    • Social gospel movement
    • Promoted progressivism based on Christian teachings
    • Muckrakers
2. Raking Muck with the Muckrakers
  • Muckraking magazines
    • McClure’s, Cosmopolitan, Collier’s and Everybody
  • Reporters
3. Political Progressivism
  • The progressives
    • Included both political parties, at all levels of gov’t
  • They sought to modernize American institutions
  • Curb trust/monopoly power
  • To improve the common person’s life and labor
  • What they achieved
    • Primary elections, initiative, referendum, recall
    • Introduced the secret Australian ballot
    • Income Tax (16th Amendment -1909)
    • Direct election of senators (17th Amendment - 1913)
4. Progressivism in the Cities and States
  • Progressives impressive gains in the cities
    • Reorganized city government (commission system; city-manager system)
    • “Slumlords,” juvenile delinquency, prostitution issues
    • Improved water supplies, streetlights, mass transit
  • They bubbled up to states
    • Elected ‘Progressive’ candidates
    • Biggest success - regulating public utilities
5. Progressive Women
  • Women ran the settlement house movement
    • Exposed middle-class women to urban problems
    • Increased women’s skill, confidence, connections
  • Campaigns for factory reform and temperance
    • Lochner v. N.Y. (1905), Muller v. Oregon(1908)
    • Laws not enforced (EG: Triangle Shirtwaist fire - 1911)
  • American welfare focused on women & children
  • Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)
    • Concern over the cause of social problems
6. TR’s Square Deal for Labor
  • His program embraced three C’s
    • Control of the corporations
    • Consumer protection
    • Conservation of natural resources
  • 1902 Coal Strike
  • Administrative practice
    • Created Department of Commerce and Labor (1903)
    • The Bureau of Corporations was authorized w/in the department
7. TR Corrals the Corporations
  • Theodore Roosevelt’s belief system
    • Government, not private business, ruled the country
    • Believed in “good trusts” and “bad trusts”
  • His first focus - The Railroads
    • Elkins Act (1903)
    • Hepburn Act (1906)
  • TR initiated 40 + anti-trust lawsuits
8. Health and the Environment
  • Calls for medicine reforms
9. Earth Control
  • Steps to conservation of US natural resources
    • Forest Reserve Act (1891) - Set aside parks/reserves
  • Roosevelt expanded on these previous
    • Preservation of the nation’s shrinking forests
    • Promoted reclamation of land (deserts/ swamps)
  • Private organizations and societies created
    • Boy Scouts, Audubon Society, Sierra Club
10. The “Roosevelt Panic” of 1907
  • The goals of Roosevelt’s second term
    • Regulate corporations, tax incomes, protect workers
  • 1907 Wall St. panic (Recession)
    • Causes “Runs” on banks, speculators arrested
    • Conservatives blamed “Theodore the Meddler”
  • Results of the 1907 panic
    • Paved the way for long-overdue fiscal reforms
    • Congress (1908) passed the Aldrich-Vreeland Act
    • Authorized national banks to issue emergency currency
11. The Rough Rider Thunders Out
  • Roosevelt chose not to run for re-election in 1908 and selected William Howard Taft to be the Republican nominee.
  • Taft easily defeated three-time Democratic nominee William Jennings Bryan
  • He polled 321 electoral votes to 162 for Bryan. Socialist Eugene V.Debs received no electoral votes but he did receive over 420,000 popular votes, 2.83% of the total vote
  • Taft had a much narrower view of presidential power than TR.
12. Taft: A Round Peg in a Square Hole
  • President William Howard Taft
    • Previously a lawyer, judge, cabinet administrator
    • Non-confrontive, candid, liked status quo
    • Selected a ‘conservative’ cabinet
13. The Dollar Goes Abroad as a Diplomat
  • Taft’s foreign policy - “dollar diplomacy”
    • U.S. investments boosted U.S. political interests
    • China’s Manchuria
    • Caribbean - especially Cuba
    • Nicaragua - 2500 marines (1912), stayed for 21 years
14. Taft the Trust Buster
  • Taft brought 90 suits against truths
  • SCOTUS dissolution of Standard Oil (1911)
    • Violation of the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890
  • “Rule of reason” doctrine
    • Trusts that “unreasonably” restrain trade illegal
  • U.S. Steel antitrust lawsuit (1911)
    • This initiative infuriated Roosevelt
15. Taft Splits the Republican Party
  • Republican progressives wanted lower tariffs
    • Taft signed Payne-Aldrich Bill
    • Taft also upset progressives conservationists
    • Allowed mining on ‘protected’ lands
  • Reformist Republican wing upset
    • TR promoted, “New nationalism” doctrine
    • Increase gov’t to improve society
  • Congressional elections (1910)
    • Democrats control House (228-161)
    • Republican ‘holdovers’ control Senate (51-41)
16. The Taft-Roosevelt Rupture
  • Taft-TR fight at the Republican convention
    • Fight over seating delegates
    • Taft (conservatives) win
    • Fight over nomination
    • Taft (conservatives) win
  • Roosevelt refused to quit
    • Lead a third-party crusade
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Chapter 30: The War to End War, 1917-1918

  • The United States entered World War I in 1917 after years of neutrality.
  • President Woodrow Wilson declared war on Germany after the country resumed unrestricted submarine warfare and attempted to form an alliance with Mexico against the US.
  • The US mobilized its economy and military to support the war effort, including implementing a draft and increasing government control over industry.
  • American troops played a significant role in the Allied victory, particularly in the Meuse-Argonne offensive.
  • The war had a profound impact on American society, including the Great Migration of African Americans to northern cities and the rise of the Red Scare.
  • Wilson's efforts to create a League of Nations to prevent future wars were ultimately unsuccessful, as the US Senate refused to ratify the Treaty of Versailles.
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