History of Medical Technology - Flashcards (English)

Early diagnosis treated disease as mystery; environment-body interaction.
Four humors: blood, phlegm, yellow bile, black bile; body fluids examined to assess state.
Hippocrates and Galen advanced qualitative assessment; urine used in diagnosis.
Galen described diabetes as diarrhea of urine; relation of fluid intake and urine volume.
Medieval Europe: urinoscopy; urine in decorative flasks; physicians publicly corrected for misdiagnosis.
By 900 AD: first book detailing urine characteristics.
11th century: diagnosis based on symptom description; by 18th century: mechanical techniques and cadaver dissection.
19th century: machines used for diagnosis and therapeutics; spirometer (Hutchinson) and sphygmomanometer (Herisson); chemistry aided diagnosis of diabetes, anemia, diphtheria, syphilis.
Transition to specialization due to rising patient numbers and knowledge; data needs increased; tech expertise required; hospitals organized with data-driven practice.

Breakthrough tools: thermometer, stethoscope (Rene Laënnec) for lungs and heart; ophthalmoscope (Helmholtz); X-ray (Roentgen); microscope (Antonie van Leeuwenhoek); laryngoscope (Garcia).
In the mid-1800s: laboratories organized by chemical experts; by mid-1900s: technical laboratories regulated by the CDC in the United States.
Advances in imaging and surgery: electron microscope; tomography; magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); prosthetic devices (artificial heart valves, vessels, limbs).

Electrocardiograph developed by William Einthoven to measure heart electrical activity.
Drinker respirator invented by Philip Drinker to assist respiration in polio.
Cardiac catheterization and angiography: Forsmann (1929) initial; Moniz, Reboul, Rousthoi (1930–40); Cournand (1941) safe method for humans; radiopaque dye visualization.
Kenny method: treatment of polio by Elizabeth Kenny using hot packs and muscle manipulation; prompted Sylvia stretcher (1927).
Heart-lung machine and related technologies.

1895: University of Pennsylvania's Pepper Laboratory established.
1918: Kolmer called for national certification for medical technologists.
1920: hospital laboratories directed by chief physician; divisions include clinical pathology, bacteriology, microbiology, serology, radiology.
1922: American Society for Clinical Pathology (ASCP) founded; ethics code; techs work under physician supervision; non-physician CLs recognized as autonomous professionals.
1950s: licensure laws pursued to recognize educational qualifications of medical technologists.

Spanish era: Manila established as capital; first hospitals; journals published; vaccine lymph program; 122 regular vaccinators by 1898.
1887: Laboratorio Municipal de Manila; equipment and labs described.
1901: Bureau of Government Laboratories established; 1905 Bureau of Science; 1909 samples processed; 1927 College of Public Health; 1927 training program for lab workers.
1941–1945: WWII; US Army labs provided services; postwar: Manila Public Health Laboratory; training programs for lab workers; 1954 BS in Medical Technology; MSH School of Medical Technology; UST 1961 recognition.