In-Depth Notes on Biodiversity and Conservation

Overview of Biodiversity Threats

• Threats to Biodiversity: Identify key challenges facing global biodiversity.
• Key Policies: Examine existing measures and policies aimed at wildlife protection.
• Interviews: Engage with experts for deeper insights on biodiversity conservation.
• Project Module: Propose actionable plans to protect New York State’s wildlife.

Five Major Threats to Biodiversity

1. Land Use Change

   • Dominant threat due to agricultural expansions and industrial development.
   • Results in loss of vital habitats, including wetlands (85% loss) and altered land surfaces (75% affected).
   • Impacts ocean areas significantly, affecting marine ecosystems.

2. Overexploitation

   • Refers to the unsustainable harvesting of species (logging, fishing, hunting).
   • Large-scale fishing trawlers contribute to severe impacts on marine biodiversity.

3. Pollution

   • Causes destruction of habitats through industrial waste, agricultural runoff, and oil spills.
   • Notably, marine plastic pollution has increased tenfold since 1980.

4. Invasive Species

   • Introduction of non-native species disrupts local ecosystems, increasing by 40% globally (1980-2020).
   • Native species often outcompeted leading to biodiversity loss.

5. Climate Change

   • Exacerbates other biodiversity threats and undermines natural ecosystems' resilience.
   • Alters habitats and species distributions, contributing to extinction risks.

Indirect Threats to Biodiversity

• Urbanization and Population Growth: Anticipated city expansions threaten biodiversity hotspots by 2030.
• Economic Growth: Increased consumption drives land and resource exploitation (e.g., mining impacts in Congo Basin).
• Wealth Inequality: Fast fashion industries exacerbate greenhouse gas emissions and biodiversity loss.

Strategies to Protect Species

• Governance Approaches:

  • Top-down governance with centralized policies.
  • Community-based management involving local laws and traditional practices.
  • Market-led initiatives like eco-tourism that offer economic incentives for conservation.

• Protected Areas:

  • Pros: Preserve significant land for species; establish wildlife corridors.
  • Cons: Risk of excluding indigenous communities; issues of enforcement.

• Community Forestry:

  • Pros: Locals manage forests, promoting biodiversity and job creation.
  • Cons: Faces challenges from illegal activities and climate-induced disturbances.

• Eco-Tourism:

  • Pros: Offers financial incentives for conservation and local employment.
  • Cons: Risks harming ecosystems without proper management and creates inequality in local economies.

Global Legal Mechanisms for Biodiversity Conservation

• United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (1993): A universal treaty among 196 nations.
• CITES: Protects roughly 36,500 species from international trade.
• International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List: Categorizes species based on their conservation status, ranging from Extinct (EX) to Least Concern (LC).

U.S. Laws/Policies Addressing Biodiversity

• Key legislation includes the Endangered Species Act (1973) and Marine Mammal Protection Act (1972).
• Organizations like NYS’s State Wildlife Action Plan (SWAP) guide local biodiversity strategies.

Conservation Challenges and Debates

• The “Half-Earth” proposal advocates setting aside extensive areas for nature, raising ethical and social questions about displacement and land use.
• A comprehensive approach combining various strategies is essential for effective conservation efforts.

Conclusion

• Collective action involving legislation, community engagement, and global cooperation is necessary to address biodiversity threats effectively.