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272 Flashcards — GenBio 2 Module 1: Taxonomy & Homeostasis

Properties of Life

1. Q: What are the two major concepts in the module's focus?
A: Diversity arising from descent with modification, and homeostasis and the definition of living.

2. Q: What does organization mean as a property of life?
A: All life is highly ordered and structured.

3. Q: What are all organisms made of?
A: One or more cells.

4. Q: Can an organism be unicellular?
A: Yes, it can consist of only one cell.

5. Q: Can an organism be multicellular?
A: Yes, it can consist of many cells.

6. Q: What is an example of a unicellular organism shown in the module?
A: A bacterium.

7. Q: What are the four major tissue types shown in humans?
A: Connective, epithelial, muscle, and nervous tissue.

8. Q: What does reproduction mean as a property of life?
A: Living things reproduce themselves sexually or asexually.

9. Q: What are the two major forms of reproduction?
A: Sexual and asexual reproduction.

10. Q: What does metabolism involve?
A: Taking in and utilizing energy to carry out cellular functions.

11. Q: What can metabolism result in?
A: Growth and development.

12. Q: What are the two major processes of metabolism?
A: Anabolism and catabolism.

13. Q: What does response mean as a property of life?
A: Living things respond to their environment by sensing external stimuli.

14. Q: What are external stimuli?
A: Changes or signals from the environment that organisms can sense and respond to.

15. Q: What does evolution and adaptation mean as a property of life?
A: Living things adapt to external pressures and evolve because of them.

16. Q: What can cause organisms to adapt and evolve?
A: External pressures.

Evolution, Phylogeny, and Classification

17. Q: What does “descent with modification” explain?
A: The idea that diversity arose as organisms changed from ancestral forms over time.

18. Q: What is phylogeny?
A: A representation of relationships and how organisms evolved from a common ancestor.

19. Q: What does a phylogeny show?
A: Evolutionary relationships among organisms.

20. Q: What does a phylogeny identify as the source of related organisms?
A: A common ancestor.

21. Q: What was traditionally used to classify organisms?
A: Morphology.

22. Q: What is morphology?
A: The form and structure of an organism.

23. Q: What does classification do?
A: It organizes organisms according to their characteristics and relationships.

24. Q: What kind of relationships does modern classification try to represent?
A: Evolutionary relationships.

25. Q: What is a common ancestor?
A: An ancestral organism from which related organisms evolved.

26. Q: What does “diversity arose from descent with modification” connect?
A: Biodiversity and evolution.

27. Q: What does morphology focus on?
A: An organism's form and structure.

28. Q: Why can organisms with a common ancestor be classified as related?
A: Because phylogeny represents how they evolved from shared ancestry.

29. Q: What is one major purpose of studying phylogeny?
A: To understand evolutionary relationships.

30. Q: What does classification help scientists organize?
A: The diversity of living organisms.

31. Q: What is one difference between morphology and phylogeny?
A: Morphology focuses on form and structure, while phylogeny focuses on evolutionary relationships.

32. Q: What does an evolutionary relationship suggest about two organisms?
A: That they share ancestry to some degree.

Domain Bacteria and Microbial Mats

33. Q: What type of organisms belong to Domain Bacteria?
A: Single-celled prokaryotes.

34. Q: Are bacteria prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
A: Prokaryotic.

35. Q: Are organisms in Domain Bacteria generally single-celled or multicellular?
A: Single-celled.

36. Q: What is a microbial mat?
A: A multi-layered sheet of prokaryotes.

37. Q: What organisms are mostly found in microbial mats?
A: Bacteria.

38. Q: Besides bacteria, what other prokaryotes can be found in microbial mats?
A: Archaea.

39. Q: What type of structure is a microbial mat?
A: A multi-layered sheet.

40. Q: Where did the first microbial mats on Earth likely obtain energy?
A: From chemicals near hydrothermal vents.

41. Q: What environmental feature is associated with the energy source of early microbial mats?
A: Hydrothermal vents.

42. Q: What type of energy source did early microbial mats likely use?
A: Chemical energy.

43. Q: Are microbial mats made mainly of eukaryotes?
A: No, they consist of prokaryotes.

44. Q: Which two major groups can be present in microbial mats?
A: Bacteria and archaea.

45. Q: What is one characteristic shared by bacteria and archaea in microbial mats?
A: Both are prokaryotes.

46. Q: What domain contains single-celled prokaryotes called bacteria?
A: Domain Bacteria.

47. Q: What does the presence of microbial mats demonstrate about early life?
A: Prokaryotic life could form organized communities.

48. Q: What is the relationship between microbial mats and hydrothermal vents in the module?
A: Early microbial mats likely obtained energy from chemicals near hydrothermal vents.

Kingdom Archaebacteria

49. Q: What type of organisms belong to Kingdom Archaebacteria?
A: Single-celled prokaryotes.

50. Q: What are the three main types of archaea listed in the module?
A: Methanogens, halophiles, and sulfur archaea.

51. Q: What are methanogens classified under in the module?
A: Phylum Euryarchaeota.

52. Q: What are halophiles classified under in the module?
A: Phylum Euryarchaeota.

53. Q: What are sulfur archaea classified under in the module?
A: Phylum Crenarchaeota.

54. Q: Which two groups are included in Phylum Euryarchaeota?
A: Methanogens and halophiles.

55. Q: Which group is included in Phylum Crenarchaeota?
A: Sulfur archaea.

56. Q: What type of organism is Halobacterium salinarum?
A: A halophile.

57. Q: Where can Halobacterium salinarum be found?
A: In hypersaline lakes, preserved food, and preserved hides.

58. Q: What kind of environment does “hypersaline” describe?
A: An environment with very high salt concentration.

59. Q: What characteristic of Halobacterium salinarum is suggested by its classification as a halophile?
A: It is associated with highly salty environments.

60. Q: What kingdom contains methanogens, halophiles, and sulfur archaea?
A: Kingdom Archaebacteria.

61. Q: Are archaebacteria single-celled or multicellular according to the module?
A: Single-celled.

62. Q: Are archaebacteria prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
A: Prokaryotic.

63. Q: Which phylum contains halophiles?
A: Euryarchaeota.

64. Q: Which phylum contains sulfur archaea?
A: Crenarchaeota.

Bacteria and Examples

65. Q: What type of bacteria is Escherichia coli listed as?
A: Gram-negative bacteria.

66. Q: What type of bacteria is Salmonella listed as?
A: Gram-negative bacteria.

67. Q: Where is Escherichia coli found according to the module?
A: In intestines.

68. Q: What can Salmonella cause?
A: Food-borne diseases.

69. Q: Which bacterium is associated with the intestines?
A: Escherichia coli.

70. Q: Which bacterium is associated with food-borne diseases?
A: Salmonella.

71. Q: What classification is shared by E. coli and Salmonella in the module?
A: Both are Gram-negative bacteria.

72. Q: What does the module use as an example of a bacterium found in intestines?
A: Escherichia coli.

73. Q: What does the module use as an example of a bacterium causing food-borne diseases?
A: Salmonella.

74. Q: Are E. coli and Salmonella listed under Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacteria?
A: Gram-negative bacteria.

75. Q: What domain includes bacteria such as E. coli and Salmonella?
A: Domain Bacteria.

76. Q: What general cell type do bacteria have?
A: Prokaryotic cells.

77. Q: Are bacteria in Domain Bacteria generally unicellular?
A: Yes.

78. Q: What is one way the module identifies bacteria?
A: Through examples such as E. coli and Salmonella.

79. Q: Which bacterial example is linked to disease transmission through food?
A: Salmonella.

80. Q: Which bacterial example is linked to the intestines?
A: Escherichia coli.

Kingdom Protista

81. Q: What is Kingdom Protista described as?
A: A diverse group of mostly unicellular eukaryotic organisms.

82. Q: Are protists prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
A: Eukaryotic.

83. Q: Are protists mostly unicellular or multicellular?
A: Mostly unicellular.

84. Q: What does the module emphasize about Kingdom Protista?
A: Its diversity.

85. Q: What organism is shown as lacking a rigid shape?
A: Amoeba.

86. Q: What organism uses cilia to move?
A: Paramecium.

87. Q: Where does the module describe the example organisms as living?
A: In freshwater.

88. Q: What structure does Paramecium use for movement?
A: Cilia.

89. Q: What characteristic of Amoeba is highlighted?
A: It lacks a rigid shape.

90. Q: Name two representative protists in the module.
A: Amoeba and Paramecium.

91. Q: What kingdom includes Amoeba?
A: Kingdom Protista.

92. Q: What kingdom includes Paramecium?
A: Kingdom Protista.

93. Q: What kind of cells do protists have?
A: Eukaryotic cells.

94. Q: What does the word “mostly” indicate in the description of protists?
A: Most protists are unicellular.

95. Q: Which protist is associated with cilia?
A: Paramecium.

96. Q: Which protist is associated with a lack of rigid shape?
A: Amoeba.

Kingdom Plantae

97. Q: What are organisms in Kingdom Plantae generally described as?
A: Multicellular eukaryotes.

98. Q: How do plants primarily make their own food?
A: Through photosynthesis.

99. Q: What major group is included in Kingdom Plantae?
A: Green algae.

100. Q: What nonvascular plant group is listed under Kingdom Plantae?
A: Bryophytes.

101. Q: What plant group is listed after bryophytes?
A: Pteridophytes.

102. Q: What seed plant group is listed before angiosperms?
A: Gymnosperms.

103. Q: What flowering plant group is included in Kingdom Plantae?
A: Angiosperms.

104. Q: What are angiosperms also known as?
A: Flowering plants.

105. Q: Are plants prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
A: Eukaryotic.

106. Q: Are plants generally unicellular or multicellular?
A: Multicellular.

107. Q: What process allows plants to primarily make their own food?
A: Photosynthesis.

108. Q: What are the five major groups listed under Kingdom Plantae?
A: Green algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms, and angiosperms.

109. Q: Which plant group includes flowering plants?
A: Angiosperms.

110. Q: What is Mangifera indica an example of in the module?
A: An angiosperm.

111. Q: What are gymnosperms compared with angiosperms through in the module?
A: Their seeds and fruits.

112. Q: What structure is associated with gymnosperm seeds?
A: Cone scales.

Plant Groups and Reproduction

113. Q: What reproductive structure is shown for gymnosperms?
A: Cones.

114. Q: Where are gymnosperm seeds shown?
A: On cone scales.

115. Q: What structure encloses angiosperm seeds in the module's comparison?
A: Fruit.

116. Q: What are two examples of angiosperm fruits shown?
A: Tomato and apple.

117. Q: What other fruit example is shown in the angiosperm comparison?
A: Chinese lantern.

118. Q: What is a key visual difference between gymnosperm and angiosperm reproduction in the module?
A: Gymnosperm seeds are associated with cones, while angiosperm seeds are associated with fruits.

119. Q: Which plant group is represented by cones?
A: Gymnosperms.

120. Q: Which plant group produces flowering plants?
A: Angiosperms.

121. Q: What type of organism is Mangifera indica?
A: A flowering plant or angiosperm.

122. Q: Which group is also known as flowering plants?
A: Angiosperms.

123. Q: What do plants primarily use to make their own food?
A: Photosynthesis.

124. Q: What type of organisms are bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms, and angiosperms?
A: Groups under Kingdom Plantae.

125. Q: What is the broad kingdom containing green algae in the module?
A: Kingdom Plantae.

126. Q: What structure is shown holding gymnosperm seeds?
A: Cone scales.

127. Q: Which group is associated with fruits?
A: Angiosperms.

128. Q: Which group is associated with cones?
A: Gymnosperms.

Kingdom Animalia and Body Plans

129. Q: How are organisms in Kingdom Animalia described?
A: Multicellular eukaryotic organisms with specialized cells.

130. Q: Are animals unicellular or multicellular?
A: Multicellular.

131. Q: Are animals prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
A: Eukaryotic.

132. Q: What type of cells do animals have that perform different functions?
A: Specialized cells.

133. Q: What is one major characteristic of Kingdom Animalia?
A: Multicellularity.

134. Q: What is another major characteristic of Kingdom Animalia?
A: Specialized cells.

135. Q: What is a coelom?
A: A body cavity used to classify certain animal body plans.

136. Q: What are the three coelom classifications shown?
A: Acoelomate, eucoelomate, and pseudocoelomate.

137. Q: Which germ layer is shown on the outside of the body plan diagrams?
A: Ectoderm.

138. Q: Which germ layer is shown between ectoderm and endoderm?
A: Mesoderm.

139. Q: Which germ layer is shown internally in the diagrams?
A: Endoderm.

140. Q: What body plan lacks a true coelom?
A: Acoelomate.

141. Q: What body plan has a true coelom?
A: Eucoelomate.

142. Q: What body plan has a pseudocoelom?
A: Pseudocoelomate.

143. Q: What three germ layers are shown in animal body plans?
A: Ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.

144. Q: What body cavity classification begins with “pseudo-”?
A: Pseudocoelomate.

Phylum Porifera and Cnidaria

145. Q: What animal phylum is represented by sponges?
A: Porifera.

146. Q: What is a major identifying feature of organisms in Phylum Porifera?
A: Their porous body structure.

147. Q: What animal phylum includes organisms such as jellyfish and similar forms?
A: Cnidaria.

148. Q: What are the two major body forms associated with cnidarians?
A: Polyp and medusa.

149. Q: Which cnidarian body form is generally attached to a surface?
A: Polyp.

150. Q: Which cnidarian body form is generally free-swimming?
A: Medusa.

151. Q: What phylum includes sponges?
A: Porifera.

152. Q: What phylum includes cnidarians?
A: Cnidaria.

153. Q: What two animal phyla appear early in the module's animal classification?
A: Porifera and Cnidaria.

154. Q: What body form is commonly associated with coral-like cnidarians?
A: Polyp.

155. Q: What body form is commonly associated with jellyfish?
A: Medusa.

156. Q: What distinguishes Porifera in basic classification?
A: They are the sponge group.

157. Q: What distinguishes Cnidaria in basic classification?
A: They include organisms with polyp and medusa body forms.

158. Q: Are Porifera and Cnidaria both animal phyla?
A: Yes.

159. Q: What kingdom contains Phylum Porifera?
A: Kingdom Animalia.

160. Q: What kingdom contains Phylum Cnidaria?
A: Kingdom Animalia.

Phyla Platyhelminthes and Nematoda

161. Q: What animal phylum includes flatworms?
A: Platyhelminthes.

162. Q: What animal phylum includes roundworms?
A: Nematoda.

163. Q: What type of body is associated with Platyhelminthes?
A: A flat body.

164. Q: What type of body is associated with Nematoda?
A: A round or cylindrical body.

165. Q: Which phylum name contains the root associated with flatworms?
A: Platyhelminthes.

166. Q: Which phylum contains roundworms?
A: Nematoda.

167. Q: Are Platyhelminthes and Nematoda animal phyla?
A: Yes.

168. Q: Which kingdom contains Platyhelminthes?
A: Kingdom Animalia.

169. Q: Which kingdom contains Nematoda?
A: Kingdom Animalia.

170. Q: Which comes first alphabetically: Nematoda or Platyhelminthes?
A: Nematoda.

171. Q: Which phylum is associated with flatworms rather than roundworms?
A: Platyhelminthes.

172. Q: Which phylum is associated with roundworms rather than flatworms?
A: Nematoda.

173. Q: What two worm phyla are included in the module?
A: Platyhelminthes and Nematoda.

174. Q: What is the major contrast between Platyhelminthes and Nematoda?
A: Flatworms versus roundworms.

175. Q: What kingdom-level group contains both flatworms and roundworms?
A: Kingdom Animalia.

176. Q: Which animal phylum follows Platyhelminthes in the module's sequence?
A: Nematoda.

Phyla Mollusca and Annelida

177. Q: What animal phylum includes mollusks?
A: Mollusca.

178. Q: What animal phylum includes segmented worms?
A: Annelida.

179. Q: What characteristic is associated with annelids?
A: Body segmentation.

180. Q: What kingdom contains Phylum Mollusca?
A: Kingdom Animalia.

181. Q: What kingdom contains Phylum Annelida?
A: Kingdom Animalia.

182. Q: Which phylum follows Nematoda in the module?
A: Mollusca.

183. Q: Which phylum follows Mollusca in the module?
A: Annelida.

184. Q: What type of organism belongs to Mollusca?
A: A mollusk.

185. Q: What type of organism belongs to Annelida?
A: A segmented worm.

186. Q: Which phylum is associated with segmentation?
A: Annelida.

187. Q: Which two phyla are covered between Nematoda and Arthropoda?
A: Mollusca and Annelida.

188. Q: What broad group contains both mollusks and annelids?
A: Animals.

189. Q: Are Mollusca and Annelida prokaryotic groups?
A: No, they belong to multicellular eukaryotic animals.

190. Q: Which phylum is associated with mollusks rather than segmented worms?
A: Mollusca.

191. Q: Which phylum is associated with segmented worms rather than mollusks?
A: Annelida.

192. Q: What major kingdom contains both Mollusca and Annelida?
A: Kingdom Animalia.

Phylum Arthropoda

193. Q: How many subphyla does the module list under Arthropoda?
A: Five.

194. Q: How many of the Arthropoda subphyla are living?
A: Four.

195. Q: How many Arthropoda subphyla are extinct according to the module?
A: One.

196. Q: What is the extinct subphylum of Arthropoda listed?
A: Trilobitomorpha.

197. Q: What Arthropoda subphylum includes insects?
A: Hexapoda.

198. Q: What Arthropoda subphylum includes crustaceans?
A: Crustacea.

199. Q: What Arthropoda subphylum includes spiders and related organisms?
A: Chelicerata.

200. Q: What Arthropoda subphylum includes millipede- and centipede-like groups?
A: Myriapoda.

201. Q: Name all five subphyla listed under Arthropoda.
A: Trilobitomorpha, Hexapoda, Crustacea, Chelicerata, and Myriapoda.

202. Q: Which Arthropoda subphylum is extinct?
A: Trilobitomorpha.

203. Q: Which Arthropoda subphylum is associated with six-legged animals?
A: Hexapoda.

204. Q: Which Arthropoda subphylum is associated with crustaceans?
A: Crustacea.

205. Q: Which Arthropoda subphylum is associated with chelicerae-bearing animals?
A: Chelicerata.

206. Q: Which Arthropoda subphylum is associated with many-legged groups?
A: Myriapoda.

207. Q: How many Arthropoda subphyla listed are not extinct?
A: Four.

208. Q: What kingdom contains Phylum Arthropoda?
A: Kingdom Animalia.

Phylum Echinodermata

209. Q: What phylum includes echinoderms?
A: Echinodermata.

210. Q: What kingdom contains Echinodermata?
A: Kingdom Animalia.

211. Q: Where does Echinodermata appear in the module's sequence of animal phyla?
A: After Arthropoda and before Chordata.

212. Q: What phylum follows Arthropoda in the module?
A: Echinodermata.

213. Q: What phylum follows Echinodermata in the module?
A: Chordata.

214. Q: Are echinoderms animals?
A: Yes.

215. Q: What major kingdom includes echinoderms?
A: Kingdom Animalia.

216. Q: Which phylum is positioned between Arthropoda and Chordata?
A: Echinodermata.

217. Q: What is the phylum name for echinoderms?
A: Echinodermata.

218. Q: What broad type of organisms does Phylum Echinodermata contain?
A: Animals called echinoderms.

219. Q: Is Echinodermata a kingdom, phylum, or subphylum?
A: A phylum.

220. Q: What is the next major animal phylum after Echinodermata in the module?
A: Chordata.

221. Q: Which kingdom-level category contains Echinodermata?
A: Animalia.

222. Q: Which animal phylum is named Echinodermata?
A: The phylum containing echinoderms.

223. Q: Is Echinodermata classified under Kingdom Plantae?
A: No, it is classified under Kingdom Animalia.

224. Q: What two phyla appear consecutively near the end of the animal phyla sequence?
A: Echinodermata and Chordata.

Phylum Chordata

225. Q: What phylum contains chordates?
A: Chordata.

226. Q: What structure gives Phylum Chordata its name?
A: The notochord.

227. Q: What are the major chordate characteristics highlighted in the module?
A: A notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, and a post-anal tail.

228. Q: What supportive structure is a key characteristic of chordates?
A: The notochord.

229. Q: What nervous-system-related structure is characteristic of chordates?
A: A dorsal hollow nerve cord.

230. Q: What openings or structures in the throat region are characteristic of chordates?
A: Pharyngeal slits.

231. Q: What tail structure is characteristic of chordates?
A: A post-anal tail.

232. Q: What does “post-anal” describe in the term post-anal tail?
A: A tail extending beyond the anus.

233. Q: What phylum follows Echinodermata in the module?
A: Chordata.

234. Q: What kingdom contains Phylum Chordata?
A: Kingdom Animalia.

235. Q: What is one characteristic structure of chordates associated with the body's support?
A: The notochord.

236. Q: What is one characteristic structure of chordates associated with the nervous system?
A: The dorsal hollow nerve cord.

237. Q: What is one characteristic structure of chordates associated with the pharynx?
A: Pharyngeal slits.

238. Q: What is one characteristic structure of chordates associated with the tail?
A: A post-anal tail.

239. Q: Name the four major chordate characteristics.
A: Notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, and post-anal tail.

240. Q: Are chordates classified under Kingdom Animalia?
A: Yes.

Jawed Vertebrates and Major Groups

241. Q: What major group is introduced after the basic chordate characteristics?
A: Jawed vertebrates.

242. Q: What are amphibians classified as in the module?
A: Jawed vertebrates.

243. Q: Are amphibians described as cold-blooded or warm-blooded?
A: Cold-blooded.

244. Q: What structures do amphibians use for breathing according to the module?
A: Lungs and gills.

245. Q: How do amphibians reproduce according to the module?
A: They lay eggs.

246. Q: What type of skin do amphibians have?
A: Smooth, moist skin.

247. Q: What major vertebrate characteristic is highlighted by the title “Jawed Vertebrates”?
A: The presence of jaws.

248. Q: What vertebrate group is described as cold-blooded, laying eggs, and having smooth moist skin?
A: Amphibians.

249. Q: What two respiratory structures are listed for amphibians?
A: Lungs and gills.

250. Q: What texture and condition describe amphibian skin?
A: Smooth and moist.

251. Q: What reproductive method is listed for amphibians?
A: Egg-laying.

252. Q: Are amphibians described as cold-blooded or warm-blooded?
A: Cold-blooded.

253. Q: What animal group can breathe with both lungs and gills according to the module?
A: Amphibians.

254. Q: What skin characteristic helps identify amphibians in the module?
A: Smooth, moist skin.

255. Q: What major animal phylum includes jawed vertebrates?
A: Chordata.

256. Q: What kingdom contains jawed vertebrates?
A: Kingdom Animalia.

Mixed Review Cards

257. Q: What is the difference between a prokaryote and a eukaryote in the module's classification?
A: Bacteria and archaea are presented as prokaryotes, while protists, plants, and animals are presented as eukaryotes.

258. Q: Which kingdom is described as a diverse group of mostly unicellular eukaryotes?
A: Kingdom Protista.

259. Q: Which kingdom contains multicellular eukaryotes that primarily make their own food through photosynthesis?
A: Kingdom Plantae.

260. Q: Which kingdom contains multicellular eukaryotes with specialized cells?
A: Kingdom Animalia.

261. Q: Which kingdom includes methanogens and halophiles?
A: Kingdom Archaebacteria.

262. Q: What type of organisms make up Domain Bacteria?
A: Single-celled prokaryotes.

263. Q: What two groups are major components of microbial mats?
A: Mostly bacteria, with archaea also present.

264. Q: What is the correct sequence of the three body layers shown in animal body plans from outside to inside?
A: Ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.

265. Q: What are the three coelom categories shown in the module?
A: Acoelomate, eucoelomate, and pseudocoelomate.

266. Q: What are the five subphyla listed under Arthropoda?
A: Trilobitomorpha, Hexapoda, Crustacea, Chelicerata, and Myriapoda.

267. Q: What are the five major groups listed under Kingdom Plantae?
A: Green algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms, and angiosperms.

268. Q: What are the three main types of archaea listed?
A: Methanogens, halophiles, and sulfur archaea.

269. Q: What four characteristics identify chordates in the module?
A: Notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, and post-anal tail.

270. Q: What four properties of life explicitly shown in the module include organization, reproduction, metabolism, and what two others?
A: Response and evolution/adaptation.

271. Q: What does phylogeny represent?
A: Relationships among organisms and how they evolved from a common ancestor.

272. Q: What is the overall purpose of taxonomy and classification in this module?
A: To organize the diversity of living organisms and understand their characteristics and evolutionary relationships.