BILD2_W25_23_Motor-merged

Page 1: Neuron's Receptive Field

• Receptive Field Concept

  • Commonality in neuron receptive fields exemplified by recognition of the face of Halle Berry.

  • Neuron's receptive field is activated by specific stimuli (e.g., Halle Berry).

  • Neurons may respond differently to stimuli that do and do not activate them (e.g., stimuli that fire vs. stimuli that don't).

Page 2: Receptive Fields in Different Brain Areas

• Neurons in the same brain region share similar receptive fields:

  • Photoreceptors: Respond to dark spots in varied locations.

  • Neurons in Face Area: Respond to different facial feature combinations.

  • Hippocampus Neurons: Responsive to distinct aspects related to different individuals or places.

Page 3: Retinal Ganglion Cells (RGCs) Response to Stimuli

• Input from photoreceptors collected by RGCs.

• Use of electrodes to record action potentials from RGCs in response to visual stimuli:

  • Determine spatial response of the neuron.

  • Testing with black and white dots to understand the receptive field better.

Page 4: RGCs and Visual Stimuli

• Similar setup as Page 3, focusing on specific locations in the visual field.

• Example of stimulant: white spot presented in a defined spatial location generates response from the RGC.

Page 5: Motor System Learning Goals

• Goals listed for understanding muscle systems:

  • Differentiate between skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles in terms of structure.

  • Explain muscle contraction using the sliding filament model.

  • Predict the impact of acetylcholine-related perturbations on muscle contraction.

  • Discuss effects of stress on sympathetic vs. parasympathetic nervous systems (e.g., epinephrine, norepinephrine).

Page 6: Information Flow in the Nervous System (PNS)

• Sensory input processes:

  • Sensor: Receives information.

  • Sensory Neurons: Transmits signals.

  • Integration: Brain and spinal cord neurons synthesize information.

  • Motor Neurons: Activate muscles or glands.

Page 7-8: Structures Containing Muscle

• Quiz on muscle presence:

  • Various options (A-D) regarding which structures contain muscle (e.g., Arm and Heart).

  • Emphasis on different muscle types present within structures.

Page 9: Types of Muscle

• Skeletal Muscle:

  • Attached to bones or skin (facial muscles); voluntary control.

• Cardiac Muscle:

  • Found within the heart; involuntary control.

• Smooth Muscle:

  • Located in the walls of hollow visceral organs (involuntary control).

Page 10: The Sarcomere Structure

• Sarcomeres are organized filament stacks in muscles responsible for generating force.

• Important terms:

  • Z Lines: Define boundaries of sarcomeres.

  • Measurement: Sarcomere spans approximately 0.5 mm.

Page 11: Visibility of Sarcomeres

• Visible distinctions in muscle types:

  • Skeletal Muscle: Exhibits darker banding.

  • Cardiac Muscle: Also shows banding.

  • Smooth Muscle: Lacks sarcomeres.

Page 12: Reiteration of Learning Goals

• Listed same motor system learning goals from Page 5 for review.

Page 13: Skeletal Muscle Fiber Anatomy

• Overview of skeletal muscle structure:

  • Each muscle cell termed a muscle fiber.

  • Comprised of numerous myofibrils divided into sarcomeres.

• Terms of anatomy:

  • Plasma membrane, Z-lines, myofibril, and sarcomere detailed.

Page 14: Muscle Contraction Mechanism

• Description of contraction process:

  • Muscles convert ATP into movement via contraction.

  • Filaments (actin and myosin) slide over one another to reduce muscle cell length.

Page 15: Parts of the Sarcomere

• Electron micrograph focus on the sarcomere components:

  • Thick Filaments: Myosin.

  • Thin Filaments: Actin.

  • Clarification of other activities in relation to sarcomere structure (e.g., M line, A bands).

Page 16: The Sliding Filament Model

• During contraction, thick and thin filaments slide together:

  • Observable changes in A bands, I bands, H zones, and Z lines during muscle contraction.

Page 17: Filament Contracting Cycle

• Visualization of fully relaxed vs. fully contracted sarcomere.

• Highlighting that thick and thin filaments move closer during contraction, yet do not change in length.

Pages 18-19: Contraction Mechanism and Length Changes

• Only sarcomeres shorten during muscle contraction; neither actin nor myosin filaments change length but overlap increases.

Page 20: Reiteration of Learning Goals

• Reiteration of motor system learning goals for review before the exam.

Page 21: Muscle Fiber Requirements for Contraction

• Essential components for muscle fiber contraction:

  • Both ATP and calcium needed inside the fiber for functioning.

Page 22: Steps of Skeletal Muscle Fiber Contraction

• Sequence of activation:

  1. Neuron generates action potential, activates neuromuscular junction.

  2. Muscle fiber receives AP, signal spreads.

  3. Muscle contracts using cross-bridge cycling.

Page 23: Neuromuscular Junction Overview

• Examining the structure of muscle fibers:

  • Each muscle fiber connects to one neuron at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ).

  • Acetylcholine serves as the primary neurotransmitter in skeletal muscle.

Page 24: Steps for Acetylcholine Functionality

• Order of steps detailing acetylcholine activity at NMJ:

  1. Acetylcholine binds, opening sodium channels.

  2. Acetylcholine breaks down in the synaptic cleft.

  3. Voltage-gated calcium channels open in neurons.

Page 25: Acetylcholine Release at NMJ

• Summary steps of acetylcholine action at NMJ, noting importance of neurotransmitter in muscle activation.

Page 26: Complete Sequence for Acetylcholine Release

• Full description of acetylcholine functions at NMJ:

  1. AP opens calcium channels in the neuron.

  2. Calcium influx triggers acetylcholine release.

  3. Acetylcholine binds to receptors on muscle fibers.

  4. Breakdown of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft.

Page 27: Reflection Notes

• Reflection prompt: Identify unclear points from the class for follow-up before final exams.

Page 28: Upcoming Homework Assignments

• Homework list with due dates:

  1. Midterm 4 study (due 3 or 4 PM, Mar. 5).

  2. Biologist Journal assignments (due Mar. 5 and Mar. 6).

  3. Quiz assignments due Mar. 8.

  4. Alternative section assignments due Mar. 8.

Page 29: Class Agenda

• Overview of muscle contraction, nerve stimulation, signal propagation, cross-bridge cycling, along with reflection and homework details.

Page 30: Progress Targets for Extra Credit

• Current state on completion targets for extra credit and number of participants needed for completion.

Page 31: Final Reflection Reminder

• Reminder for final reflection due end of finals week encapsulating learned concepts that made a lasting impression.

Page 32: Reiterated Learning Goals

• Learning goals reviewed to prepare classification on muscular systems and nervous responses.

Page 33: Reiteration of Muscle Fiber Contraction Steps

• Repeat of steps for skeletal muscle contraction to reinforce learning for the students.

Page 34: Acetylcholine Release at Muscle Synapse

• Acetylcholine causes depolarization through sodium channel activation in muscle.

Page 35: Effects of Sodium Channel Opening

• Sorting through effects of sodium entering the muscle and the depolarizing impact on muscle contraction.

Page 36: Explanation of Muscle Action Potential

• Detailing sequence in muscle action potential and voltage-gated sodium channel interactions during contraction phases.

Page 37: Signal Propagation Details

• Explanation of AP traveling down the muscle fibers and T-tubule structures to trigger contraction.

Page 38-39: Muscle Action Potential Steps

• Sequence of events for muscle action potential covering resting, depolarization, repolarization, and return to rest points.

Page 40: T-Tubules' Role in Signal Propagation

• Function of T-tubules in facilitating signal propagation for the action potential through the muscle fibers.

Page 41: Calcium Release Mechanism

• Information about calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle cells upon action potential arrival and its role in muscle contraction.

Page 42: Importance of Calcium in Muscle Contraction

• Focus on components necessary for muscle contraction, including the essential role of calcium ions.

Page 43: Necessities for Muscle Contraction

• Discussion about requirements of the muscle fiber for effective contraction highlighting calcium’s role.

Page 44: Summary of Learning Goals

• Summarizing the anticipated learning objectives related to muscle contraction and autonomic nervous system identification.

Page 45: Steps for Skeletal Muscle Fiber Contraction Revisited

• Reviewing the sequence of skeletal muscle contraction points for warrior muscle understanding.

Page 46: Muscle Movement Creation

• Understanding that muscle contraction stems from actin and myosin filament interactions.

Page 47: Sliding Mechanism in Filament Model

• Explanation of the microscopic level changes involved in the sliding filament model, with functions of myosin heads.

Page 48: Calcium Binding in Contraction

• Detailed account of calcium's role in enabling actin and myosin interaction by removing tropomyosin hindrance.

Page 49: Ryanodine's Effect on Calcium Channels

• Discussion of how ryanodine’s presence keeps calcium channels open, leading to constant muscle contraction and impacts.

Page 50: Summary of Ryanodine Effects

• Continuous activity implications on muscle and effects on contraction are reaffirmed in high calcium environment.

Page 51: Calcium Role Disambiguation

• Clarification on the dual effect of calcium in neurons and muscle systems.

Page 52: Ryanodine and Internal Calcium Management

• Understanding the ryanodine effectiveness in the context of calcium release causing persistent contraction in muscles.

Page 53: Summary of Responses Governed by Calcium

• Focus on calcium's presence and its fundamental role in acheiving muscle contraction mechanisms effectively.

Page 54: Steps of Cross Bridge Cycling

• Process for cross-bridge cycling elucidated with detailed steps from attachment to the returning state.

Page 55: Visual Steps of Cross Bridge Cycling

• Increased clarity on each component's role in muscle contraction represented with visuals including actin and myosin interactions.

Page 56: Muscle Contraction Terminology

• Response to instances of impulse cessation; accumulated understanding of how muscle contraction phases out gradually.

Page 57: Gradual End to Muscle Contraction

• Explanation that the cessation of muscle contraction occurs as calcium levels return to baseline due to ending neural impulses.

Page 58: In Rigor Mortis Context

• Explanation of muscle stiffness postmortem related to ATP unavailability preventing cross-bridge detachment during rigor mortis.

Page 59: Rigor Mortis Explanation

• Honor of potential causes of muscle stiffness and ATP’s vital role discussed for lay understanding of physiological phenomena.

Page 60: Myosin Head Interaction Explained

• In-depth look at how myosin's high energy state allows it to engage with actin, essential for sarcomere action.

Page 61: Living vs. Dead Muscle Activity

• Discussion of why living organisms do not exhibit complete muscle stiffness as seen in rigor mortis; roles of ATP and calcium elucidated.

Page 62: Mechanics of Muscle Function in Life

• Clarification on muscle activity by defining conditions favoring flexible contraction in living environments.

Page 63: Comparing Life and Death in Muscle Activity

• Contrasting the mechanism of muscle flexibility vs. rigidity examined through ATP presence and calcium storage dynamics.

Page 64: Additional Resources on Muscle Contraction

• Resources suggested for furthering understanding of muscle contraction mechanics through tutorials and guides.

Page 65: Review of Learning Goals

• Overview detailing goals associated with muscle growth physiology and factors influencing muscle responses.

Page 66: Expression of Stress Pathways

• Inquiry into which ANS division is responsible for stress-related pathways, categorizing responses as sympathetic or otherwise.

Page 67: Diverse Perspectives on Exam Performance

• Representation of various individuals' contributions to successful outcomes in exams emphasized.

Page 68: Overview of Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

• Diagram explanation outlining structures and division of PNS, highlighting telecommunications within central nervous systems.

Page 69: Comparison of ANS Divisions

• Overview of two primary divisions of the autonomic nervous system:

  • Parasympathetic: "Rest and digest" functions, lower heart rate/blood pressure.

  • Sympathetic: "Fight or flight" instincts for survival, mobilizing energy for immediate action.

Page 70: Recap on ANS Functionality

• Recap presented contrasting the actions of sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions for clarity of functions.

Page 71: Role of Stress Pathways within ANS

• Repeat of inquiry into stress pathways facilitating adaptive and physiological processes.

Page 72: Reinforcement of Previous Concepts

• Further information on stress pathways, emphasizing the involvement of adrenal glands as mediators.

Page 73: Response of the Adrenal Gland to Stress

• Explanation of adrenal gland functions under stress conditions, including cortisol and norepinephrine/epinephrine secretion.

Page 74: Stress Pathway Mapping

• Illustrated mapping of stress response pathways detailing hormonal impacts and considerations of neuroendocrine interactions.

Page 75: Reflection Encouragement

• Invitation to reflect on unclear concepts from class for revisiting prior to exam readiness.

Page 76: Recap on Upcoming Assignments

• Upcoming due dates outlined for quizzes, journals and reflections relating to course material.

Page 77: Class Agenda Highlights

• Overview of the class agendas addressing autonomic nervous systems and behavior mechanisms.

Page 78: Completion Targets for SET

• Update on the goal progression percentage necessary for additional recognition.

Page 79: Final Exam Information

• Essential logistics concerning final exam dates, locations and seating arrangements communicated to students.

Page 80: Call for Extra Credit Participation

• Instructions for completing extra credit surveys and associated deadlines.

Page 81: Quiz Recap of Learning Targets

• Comprehensive review of previously established learning objectives relating to muscle and nervous systems.

Page 82: Stress Pathways Insights

• Reassessment of stress pathways and their relevance to adaptive physiological processes.

Page 83: Physiological Response to Stress

• Impact of epinephrine and norepinephrine noted in terms of cardiovascular and metabolic stress responses.

Page 84: Effects of Stress on Physiological State

• Illustration of stress symptomatology captured through diverse physiological manifestations.

Page 85: Beta Blockers and Performance Contexts

• Exploration of the efficacy of beta blockers in ameliorating stress response during assessments such as the SAT.

Page 86: Conclusion on Beta Blockers

• Summation of research findings affirming potential benefits and considerations in application for anxiety management.

Page 87: Behavioral Learning Goals

• Distinct learning goals encompassing innate and learned behavior themes articulated for clarity.

Page 88: Distinction Between Behavior Types

• Innate and learned behavior definitions laid out for foundational understanding.

Page 89: Examination of Innate Behavior

• Use of an example of mother goose behavior relating to instinctive mechanics and innate response behavior.

Page 90: Innate vs. Learned Behavior Evaluation

• Questions probing participants' discernment abilities regarding the classification of behaviors observed.

Page 91: Deepening Understanding of Behavioral Traits

• Engagement prompts for reflection on behavioral classification understandings among peers.

Page 92: Reassessment of Behavior (Mother Goose)

• Reevaluation of instances of innate or learned behavior based on repetitive immediate reactions surrounding the situation.

Page 93: Justification of Innate Behavior

• Final determination that behaviors associated with innate responses often leverage survival instincts and cannot adapt to new contexts.

Page 94: Behavioral Complexities Comparison

• Summary outlining distinguishing factors between innate and learned behaviors.

Page 95: Behavioral Learning Goals Reinforcement

• Reaffirmed learning objectives focusing on neural connectivity and behavior differentiation dynamics in response to stimuli.

Page 96: Physical Changes in Learning Contexts

• Exploration of responses regarding the physical dimensions accompanying cognition within educational settings.

Page 97: Outcomes Related to Learning Experiences

• Collation of diverse perceptions on learning-induced physiological responses noted in discussions.

Page 98: False Memory Scenario Description

• Depiction of a controlled experiment detailing mice's reactions based on false memory stimuli.

Page 99: Concept of Neuronal Pairing

• Introduction of the foundational saying: "Neurons that fire together, wire together" for assessing synaptic strengthening.

Page 100: Practical Example of Coordination Learning

• Outlining the relationship of practice via motor activities (e.g., playing piano) with neuronal synergy strengthening.

Page 101: Testing Neuronal Wiring Concepts

• Suggested methodologies for probing neuronal connections and resultant behaviors as linked to synaptic activation conditions.

Page 102: Optogenetic Approaches in Checking Neural Functionality

• Details of optogenetics and its implications for controlling neural firing to assess connectivity amongst neurons.

Page 103: Mechanism of Neuronal Firing via Light

• Explanation of ChR2 channel activation in neurons by blue light exposure to provoke firing behavior.

Page 104: Neuronal Responses to Light Activation

• Breakdown of influx dynamics regarding sodium ions after light-induced channel opening results in neuron excitability.

Page 105: Light Perception Inquiry in Neuronal Context

• Evaluation of whether sight influences optogenetic responses leading to neuronal firing as part of the discussion.

Page 106: Clarification on Optogenetic Responses

• Reinforcement that optogenetic effects on neurons are independent of visual perception mechanisms.

Page 107: Neuronal Firing Contexts in Non-Rodents

• Inquiry detailing the feasibility of inducing neuronal firing in non-rodent subjects when subjected to externals such as blue-light stimuli.

Page 108: Genetic Engineering in Optogenetics

• Note that gene expression is necessary for ChR2 activation within the neuron frameworks exploring acceptable experimental conditions.

Page 109: Synaptic Wiring Testing Retrospective

• Recap of proposed experimental designs highlighting methods for analyzing pairing and synaptic wiring among neurons.

Page 110: Hippocampal Cell Responses

• Overview of hippocampal neurons' contextual responsiveness to designated stimuli associated with location or situation.

Page 111: Distinct Neural Activation by Environment

• Explanation of variations in neuronal responses across different locations by articulating the selective firing when stimuli presence occurs.

Page 112: Contextual Firing Differences

• Continuation of different neuronal firing potentials when various situations relate to basic discrete location engagements.

Page 113: Experimental Protocol to Generate Firing

• Strategy discussed for generating firing in specific context neurons through controlled experimental triggers.

Page 114: Natural Activation Rocked Strategy

• Essence of natural activation of neurons within test subjects outlined providing context to external treatments.

Page 115: Contextual Relationships in Distinct Neurons

• Focus on distinguishing specific neuronal subsets based on traits determined methodically by genetic adjustments in the experimental setup.

Page 116: Experimental Setup Representation

• Diagrammatic representation delineating active elements in the experiment connecting experimental variables interacting with hippocampal neurons.

Page 117: Neuronal Responses in Controlled Experimentation

• Evaluation of which neuronal set is activated under specific contexts incorporating both controlled and spontaneous reactions.

Page 118: Active Neuronal Responses Summary

• Analysis of which neurons are involved under distinctly defined conditions explored in previous questions.

Page 119: Addressing Unclear Points as a Reflection

• Invitation to share insights regarding points needing clarity from each session prior to final evaluations.

Page 120: Upcoming Homework Assignments for Monitoring

• Consolidated list of upcoming assignments with respective due dates for monitoring progress and engagement.

Page 121: Class Agenda Overview

• Coverage topics involving further inquiry into adaptive and innate immunity behaviors and responses.

Page 122: Progress Indicator for Completion Objectives

• Monitor current standings and adjustments targeting completion rate for the credited objectives successfully.

Page 123: Evaluation Contexts in Neuronal Theories

• Look into evaluation processes fostering active discourse regarding functional assessments coming from neuronal activity data.

Page 124: Forcing Neurons in Experimental Settings

• Assessment of how neuro-triggering via light can possibly activate unforeseen pathways for connecting neurons in research.

Page 125: Evaluation of Neuronal Activation Through Triggers

• Focusing on specific neuronal networks that fire concurrently during multi-tiered stimuli such as foot shock and light.

Page 126: Neuronal Activation Discussion

• Recognition of combined impacts from external stimuli establishing synaptic strength and interconnectivity between distinct neuron populations.

Page 127: Synaptic Wiring Evidence Post-Experiment

• Conclusive assessments dwelling on developments post-exposure regarding possible memory restructuring through behavioral observations.

Page 128: Evaluation Criteria for Differential Cross-Connectivity

• Analyzing qualitative indicators used in assessing the efficacy of neuron pairing under experimental conditions.

Page 129: Observed Results Follow-Up

• Critical follow-up of previous experiment outputs showcasing interconnected neuron activity through synaptic firing communication.

Page 130: Conclusion of Experiments on Neuronal Wiring

• Summary reflecting pairs' neural connections and their constructed strength from experience conditioning pathways and the consequent outcomes.

Page 131: Neural Firing Pairings in Context

• Reinforcement of connections observed between distinct neuronal pathways and footprints created through experimental paradigms.

Page 132: Synaptic Reaction to Environmental Impact Assessments

• Broadening discussions regarding registrations of neuron sets about contextual influences highlighting shifting patterns.

Page 133: Neuro-Immunological Expressions Evaluation

• Providing feedback into which characteristics define more common pathways of immune interaction through neuronal dialogue and firing schemes.

Page 134: Synaptic Mechanisms and Learning Dynamics

• Deep-dive into synaptic changes, highlighting foundational learning premises tied into synaptic adaptability and plasticity dimensions.

Page 135: Synaptic Adjustment Focus Points

• Overview documenting shifts in synapses and adaptive capacities intersecting learning experiences recorded through behavioral data points.

Page 136: Strength Dynamics in Synapses

• Discussion investigating how synapses strengthen or weaken through neuronal processing & firing patterns from observational or experimental stimuli.

Page 137: Action of Arc Protein in Learning Context

• Examination of synaptic action from Arc and potential influences it plays in memory retention through protections of receptor pathways.

Page 138: The Mechanistic Varieties of Learning Influences

• Engaging discussions on how learning dynamically alters synaptic interactions through structural and functional perspectives within neurons.

Page 139: External Resources for Learning Insights

• External links suggested enhancing a deeper understanding of synaptic plasticity highlighted by trusted enhancement sources.

Page 140: Immune System Learning Goals

• Stipulations regarding identifying immune system functions outlining responses concerning pathogen recognition and adaptive reactions.

Page 141: Immune Protection Overview

• Recapping overarching mechanisms which bodies utilize against infections through innate and adaptive immune functionalities.

Page 142: Comprehensive Immune Function Mapping

• Diagram illustrating phases in recognizing pathogens and the immune system’s multilayered responses occurring in the aftermath.

Page 143: Descriptive Mechanism Differentiation

• Clarification between innate immune responses vs adaptive processes stressing timing and specificity paramount in reactionary measures.

Page 144: Response Analogy for Pathogen Entry

• Utilization of analogy contrasting innate with adaptive immune responses in different environmental scenarios detailing personal safety precautions replication.

Page 145: Reiteration of Learning Goals in Immunology

• Summarization of anticipated learning outcomes demonstrated in immune system functionality recognizing innate and adaptive process variations.

Page 146: Components of Innate Immune Protection

• Overview of innate immune protective attributes including physiological barriers such as the skin and additional bodily defenses.

Page 147: Cellular Composition of Innate Immunity

• Summary detailing central immune cells such as macrophages and neutrophils' roles in pathogen engagement and immune recruitment.

Page 148: Macrophage Nonexistence Effects Inquiry

• Analysis of possible consequences if macrophages are congenitally absent noting implications for innate immune response efficacy.

Page 149: Breakdown of Immunological Protection Mechanisms

• Linkage emphasizing that macrophages hold a pivotal role in maintaining connectivity pertinent to overall immune resilience and health.

Page 150: Recognition of Innate Immunology Principles

• Description illustrating innate immune cells' efficacious interactions in targeting intruders irrespective of prior exposure to stimuli or antigens.

Page 151: Innate Immune Capability Reflection

• Understanding how innate immune cells recognize invaders versus endogenous cells enables effective phagocytosis united with swift responses.

Page 152: Role of Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs)

• Introduced concept surrounding the identification of pathogens in relation to PAMPs as innate system identifiers relevant in adaptive response frameworks.

Page 153: Role of Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs)

• Examination of PAMP and TLR interplay within various class distributions reinforcing recognition properties inherent in innate immune cells.

Page 154: Gene-Specific Mutations Implications

• Given task contextualizes impacts of mutation susceptibility tied specifically to innate immune processes rather than adaptive.

Page 155: Biochemical Crossroad Identification

• Overview documenting specific distinctions segregating immune response variability insights into genetic modifications enriching understanding of innate interactions.

Page 156: Summary of Systematic Immunology Structures

• Consolidating mechanisms enumerated through proactive responses, including microbiological eliminations as part of innate immune responses.

Page 157: Reinforcement of Learning Target Goals

• Recognizing core understanding of progressive distinctions between innate and adaptive immune functionalities postulated framework initiatives.

Page 158: Innate vs Adaptive Overview Restatement

• Explicit recapitulations documenting differences in timing and specificity guiding innate versus adaptive immune response approaches.

Page 159: Indications Surrounding Antigens

• Clarifications outlining distinctions between PAMPs and pathogen-specific antigen compositions noted in previous notes and immune responses.

Page 160: Antibody Interaction Dynamics

• Narrative detailing hierarchical construction of antibodies towards antigens from adaptive immune responses typified by their specificity related to pathogens.

Page 161: Adaptability of Antibodies in Viral Response Similarity

• Exposition on antibody response viability towards mutated pathogens underscoring variability in adaptability concerning classical viral infections.

Page 162: Homework Summary for Upcoming Tasks

• Consolidated assignments due detailing multiple submissions from biologist journals to surveys and review final study plans.

Page 163: Reflective Soundings for Clarity

• Invitations to note unclear constructs from the day’s learnings with prompts to examine any contradictory perspectives received.

Page 164: Comprehensive Class Agenda Highlights

• Outlining critical subjects focused on adaptive immunity educational trajectories and overarching connections to study reflections.

Page 165: SET Completion Progression Updates

• Current metrics provided tracking initiatives demonstrating reach towards set class completion objectives finalized for recognition opportunities.

Page 166: Mutational Response Comparisons

• Threading the impact of variability within immunological channels linked to potential susceptibility towards different pathogens through inquiry evaluations.

Page 167: Learning Objectives for Immune Response Mechanisms

• Exploration of core understanding regarding adaptive mechanisms and hyper-efficient engagement within immune response frameworks building immunity.

Page 168: Immune System Engagement Overview

• Cascade of interactions noted regarding the immune system functionalities with a focus on behavioral identification of pathogens through multi-faceted interactions.

Page 169: Helper T-Cell Response to HIV Injection Contexts

• Summary displaying the communicative interactions surrounding helper T-cells and their interactive components shaping filtering immune reactions.

Page 170: Divided Arms of Immunity

• Narratively critiquing the bifurcation between cell-mediated and humoral arms exhibiting adaptive immune functionality using practical framework examples.

Page 171: Defining Cells’ Capabilities against Pathogen Cells

• Elucidation upon challenges in adaptive immune processes against intracellular pathogens demonstrating specific immune response dynamics.

Page 172: The Necessity for Precise Immune Responses

• Critically defining how segmented responses uphold variant require mutual cooperation to engage threats reported from pathogen exposures.

Page 173: Comprehensive Immune Responses against Flu Includes Highlights

• Outlining the upper operational spectrum of immunity embedded within innate responses showcases added layers from innate immunity to adaptive nuances addressing viral infections.

Page 174: Summary of Adaptive Response Processes

• Recap of primary phases illustrating adaptive immune functions culminating in memory formations resisting pervading infections through identification premises.

Page 175: Reinforcement of Future Learning Goals

• Outlining objectives emphasizing the necessity for clarity with each facet's pronounced learning objectives to be adhered to during immunology studies.

Page 176: Characterization of Immune Functional Responses

• Distinction molded vis-à-vis mixed engagement types wherein previous exposures can lead to future rapid responses harnessed through conceptual applications in the courses.

Page 177: Breach in Immunology Engagement Implications

• If antibodies were administered, the rapid building of memory cells enhances protective measures reinvented and directly correlated with responses in evolving contexts involving seasonal flu strains.

Page 178: Adaptive Immunological Building Blocks in Vaccination

• Focus on the sequence of immune events correlated via vaccination pathways whereby antibodies spindle memories engaged post-inoculation dynamics engage long-term immunity.

Page 179: Traditional and Advanced mRNA Vaccination Types Explained

• Rosy juxtaposition laid between enrollment pathways into the immune system and underlying operational features inherited from traditional vaccine milieus versus advances in mRNA adaptation.

Page 180: mRNA Effects Implementation in Immunology Roles

• Insights into the roles mRNA vaccines play upon cellular entry augmenting traditional techniques generating pathogen recognition and antigen production.

Page 181: Dendritic Cells and mRNA Applications in Vaccinations

• Presentation opening gates to memory cells toward the burgeoning importance of dendritic cells transmitting required knowledge on pathogens through vaccination efforts.

Page 182: Comprehensive Overview on mRNA Vaccine Roles

• Glossary included for mRNA vaccine definitions alongside potent reminders capturing cellular manipulations identifying biomolecular influence engagement from leading-edge immunotherapy across future discussions.

Page 183: Immune System Learning Goals and Processing Frameworks

• Reiteration of adaptive learning system objectives within immune frameworks stressing innate adaptability variance defined through cellular engagements and responses.

Page 184: Antibody Production Pathways

• Overview assessment outlining whether antibodies could distinguish pathogenic structures deviating from self-states based upon cellular interactions detailed in earlier discussions.

Page 185: Broader Treatment Implications for Autoimmunity

• Forward-looking developments probing the necessary increments regarding treatment implications channeling responses targeted towards autoimmunity incidents.

Page 186: Differentiative Mechanisms in Immune Responses

• Mechanisms laid bare regarding self-tolerance across autoreactive cells hinting at potential pathways concerning autoimmune conditions ensuring clarity within newly acquired mechanisms.

Page 187: Cellular Development Pathway Evaluation

• Specifics chilled out outlining how self-tolerance nurtured across immune cells neutralizes autoreactive cells during T and B cell developments.

Page 188: Self-Tolerance Implications and Gene Relationship Dynamics

• Evaluation surrounding humane treatment paths how gene interactions rooted within self-tolerance dependencies are crucial for holistic immune function.

Page 189: Cross-Reactive Antigen Resultant Issues

• Focus on identifiable connections linking pathogen exposure associations providing common grounds potentially leading to autoimmune developments.

Page 190: Recognizing Autoimmune Mechanisms

• Summary detailing recognized triggers within autoimmunity noted through identifying pathogen vs self-antigen variances contributing to immune dysfunction.

Page 191: Pushing Forward Perspectives From BILD 2

• Documenting forward-thinking perspectives directing the evaluation across future biological conceptions from various disciplines engaging within BILD frameworks.

Page 192: Growth Opportunities Beyond BILD 2

• Summary outlining opportunities available within UCSD’s vast resources encouraging active community engagement and research availability.

Page 193: Engagement Complements for Research Readiness

• Engagement recommendations towards securing introductory research positions accentuating paths for developmental growth and early opportunities.

Page 194: Desired Approaches to Supervisory Engagement

• Best approaches suggested based on experience securing successful connections presenting opportunities in language and volunteerism merits inviting respect in academic circles.

Page 195: Wrapping Up Course Experience

• Summation expressing gratitude for shared educational experiences across the course duration leading to greater collaborative learning involvements.

Page 196: Closing Reflections on Unclear Points

• Final prompt requesting clarification on hazed topics expressed in learning for aggregate understanding driven by directness and transparency.

Page 197: Homework Assignments Breakdown

• Wrap-up of final homework assignments listed concisely driving associated deadlines fostering reflective learning through continued intakes and outputs.