Unit 6 Innovative Technologies

Computing Innovations

• Definition by College Board

  • Includes computer or program code

  • Examples: self-driving cars, phone apps, smartwatches

• Not computing innovations

  • Internet cables, Bluetooth technology

Impact of the Internet

• Changes in society

• Internet as utility or luxury

• Commerce changes

  • E-commerce, online storefronts, crowdfunding

• News consumption changes

Cloud Computing

• Definition and function

• Server explanation

• Advantages of cloud computing

  • Portability, off-site storage

• Disadvantages

  • Privacy concerns, data transmission issues

Digital Divide

• Definition and causes

• Lack of internet access in rural areas

• Efforts to bridge the digital divide

The Internet

• Definition and components

• Ownership and control

• Bandwidth and scalability

• Distinction from the World Wide Web

Communication Protocols

• Definition and purpose

• Application Layer standards

• HTTP vs HTML

• Link Layer and Internet Layer standards

Internet Protocols

• IP address and its significance

• Internet Protocol versions (IPv4 and IPv6)

• Domain name system (DNS) function

Conclusion

• Importance of understanding innovative technologies and their impact

• Role of internet and communication protocols in modern society

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• Encryption

  • Cryptography is about securing information from third parties.

  • Encryption converts data into a code to prevent unauthorized access.

  • Decryption reverses encryption to reveal the original text.

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• Caesar Cipher

  • Example of encryption method.

  • Key: change every letter by 13.

  • Example: "free pizza in the cafeteria" encrypted as "serr cvmmn va gur pnsrgrevn".

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• Types of Encryption

  • Symmetric Key Encryption: uses one key for both encryption and decryption.

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• Types of Encryption

  • Public Key Encryption: uses a public key for encryption and a private key for decryption.

  • Sender needs recipient's public key to encrypt but recipient uses private key to decrypt.

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• Public Key Encryption

  • Recipient knows both public and private keys.

  • Sender only knows recipient's public key.

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• Certificate Authorities

  • Issue digital certificates certifying ownership of a public key.

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• Cybersecurity

  • Measures to protect computers from unauthorized access.

  • Includes encryption, passwords, and multi-factor authentication.

  • Multi-Factor Authentication requires multiple pieces of evidence for access.

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• Net Neutrality

  • Ensures free and open access to information on the internet.

  • ISPs should not control access to websites.

  • Ongoing debate and legal actions on net neutrality.

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• Distributed Computing

  • Programs run on multiple devices for complex problems.

  • Parallel Computing breaks programs into smaller pieces for faster processing.

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• Sequential vs. Parallel

  • Sequential: steps performed in order.

  • Parallel: some steps performed simultaneously.

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• Closed Source vs. Open Source

  • Closed Source: privately owned and proprietary.

  • Open Source: publicly available and free to use.

  • Creative Commons Licensing allows specified use of works.

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• Keylogging and Rogue Access Point

  • Keylogging: records keystrokes for data retrieval.

  • Rogue Access Point: gives unauthorized network access.

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• Algorithmic Efficiency

  • Measure of computational resources used by an algorithm.

  • Efficiency varies with input size.

  • Polynomial and linear efficiencies run in reasonable time.

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• Solvability

  • Problems algorithms aim to solve.

  • Decision and Optimization problems.

  • Some problems are undecidable.

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• Undecidable Problems

  • Halting Problem: cannot determine if programs will halt.

  • Some problems have no algorithmic solution for all instances.

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• Heuristics

  • Method for deriving approximate solutions.

  • Not perfect but provides a sufficient result.

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• Traveling Salesman Problem

  • Requires massive computing power for exhaustive search.

  • Heuristic solutions offer quicker but not optimal results.

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• Overflow Errors

  • Occur when a program calculates a number outside the allocated range.

  • Different from rounding errors caused by