ARH 315 Study Sheet

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• Adobe: Building material such as mud brick or rammed earth, used in locations like Mali and Mesa Verde.

• Anthropomorphic: The tendency to attribute human elements in architecture.

• Arcade: A covered walkway created by a series of arches.

• Architecture Parlante: Architecture designed based on the needs of the people living in it. Example: cock-shaped brothel house.

• Banco: A specific type of adobe.

• Baptistry: A building next to a church for baptizing ceremonies.

• Barberini: A notable family of Italian nobility.

• Barrel Vault: An architectural feature characterized by a rounded arched ceiling.

• Basilica: A church with a floor plan resembling a cross.

• Campanile: A bell tower located next to a church.

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• Cantilever: A structural element that is supported on one end and projects outwards.

• Capital: The top part of a column, often ornate.

• Cenotaph: An empty tomb or monument erected in honor of a person.

• Chahar Bagh Plan: A garden layout characterized by four quadrants created by two intersecting axes, usually with a square in the middle.

• Chinoiserie: The imitation of Chinese motifs in Western architecture.

• City Beautiful Movement: An urban planning movement aiming to enhance public spaces for health and aesthetics.

• Classical Orders: The architectural styles of Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian columns.

• Clerestory: The upper part of a church wall that contains windows.

• Coffer: A recessed panel in a ceiling or dome.

• Colonnade: A series of columns supporting a roof or roof-like structure.

• Colossal Order: Columns that extend multiple stories in height.

• Cornice: A decorative crowning feature located at the top of a building.

• Crenellation: Features on the top of castle walls designed for defense.

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• Crossing Square: The area at the intersection of the nave and transept in church architecture.

• Curtain Wall: A non-load bearing wall that hangs from the structure.

• De re aedificatoria: A treatise by Alberti discussing architectural design based on Vitruvian principles.

• Deutsche Werkbund: A German association of architects and artists during the Bauhaus movement.

• Drawings: Architectural representations, including plans, elevations, perspectives, and sections.

• Drum: The cylindrical part at the base of a dome.

• Dry Garden: A garden design featuring sand or gravel, often associated with Zen gardens.

• Eclecticism: A style that combines elements from different eras in architecture.

• École des Beaux-Arts: A prominent architecture school in France.

• Élan Vital: A philosophical term meaning vital force.

• English Gardens: A style of landscaping consisting of interconnected garden pathways.

• Enlightenment: A significant philosophical movement that emphasized reason and individualism.

• Engineer’s Aesthetic: An architectural style focused on structure and form.

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• Fin-de-Siècle: Refers to the end of a century, particularly the 19th century.

• Five Points (Corbusier): The five elements of modern architecture: pilotis, roof garden, open floor plan, long windows, and free facade.

• Flock of Geese Plan: An architectural layout resembling a flock of geese.

• Follies and Mock Ruins: Decorative structures that give the illusion of being ruined for aesthetic enjoyment.

• Friday Mosque: A mosque located in Isfahan, typically central to the community's prayer practices.

• Fusama: Sliding wall panels that may feature decorative elements while remaining translucent.

• Futurist Manifesto: Italian manifesto celebrating modernism and technology, often characterized by absurd ideas.

• Gesamtkunstwerk: A term meaning 'total work of art,' integrating multiple forms of art into a configuration.

• Greek Cross Plan: Church design featuring a central square and four equal arms.

• Haussmannization: The extensive renovation of Paris undertaken by Baron Haussmann in the 19th century.

• Horror Vacui: A fear of leaving empty spaces in art and architecture.

• I-beam: A structural beam with an 'I' shaped cross-section.

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• Iconoclasm: The opposition to or destruction of religious icons and symbols.

• Intarsia: Woodworking technique creating intricate mosaics using different shapes and types of wood.

• International Style: Architectural style characterized by rectilinear forms and minimal decoration.

• Kiva: A ceremonial structure used by Native Americans, often sunken into the ground.

• Lantern: A small cupola or structure with decorative elements, traditionally placed on top of a dome.

• Linear Perspective: A mathematical system used to create the illusion of depth in art and architecture, pioneered by Brunelleschi.

• Load-Bearing Wall: A wall that supports the structure above it.

• Mannerism: An artistic style that emerged after the Renaissance, characterized by complexity and stylization.

• Martyrium: A building or shrine commemorating Christian martyrs.

• Medici: A powerful family of the Renaissance era, known for their patronage in the arts.

• Mihrab: A niche in a mosque indicating the direction of Mecca.

• Minaret: A tall tower associated with mosques, from which the call to prayer is announced.

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• Mortise and Tenon Joinery: A woodworking joint that connects two pieces, commonly found in East Asian architecture.

• Mughal Empire: A significant empire in South Asia during the early modern period known for its architectural achievements.

• Muqarnas: A decorative element in Islamic architecture resembling a honeycomb or stalactite formation.

• Nave: The central part of a church, typically where the congregation gathers.

• Neoclassicism: A movement aimed at reviving Classical architecture with modern materials and techniques.

• New Urbanism: An urban planning philosophy promoting walkable neighborhoods with accessible public spaces.

• Oculus: A circular opening in a dome or wall, allowing light to enter an interior space.

• Open Plan: An architectural layout emphasizing spaciousness without interior walls.

• Organic Architecture: Design emphasizing harmony with the natural environment; curvilinear forms are common.

• Ornament and Crime: An essay by Adolf Loos critiquing excessive ornamentation in architecture.

• Pagoda: A tiered tower often found in Buddhist architecture.

• Palazzo: An Italian term for a grand urban residence.

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• Panopticon: An institutional building design allowing a single guard to observe all inmates.

• Panterre: A layout for dividing garden beds.

• Pediment: The triangular upper part of a building, typically seen in Classical architecture.

• Peripteral Temple: A temple surrounded by a single row of columns on all sides.

• Piazza: An open public square in an Italian city.

• Pietra Serena: A gray sandstone used in Renaissance architecture.

• Pilaster: A rectangular column, often decorative, set into a wall.

• Pilgrimage: A journey made for religious purposes.

• Pilotis: The structural columns that raise a building above ground level.

• Pishtaq: A rectangular frame surrounding an arch, often decorative.

• Polychromy: The use of various colors in decoration.

• Portico: A structure with a roof supported by columns, leading to the entrance of a building.

• Post and Lintel: A method of construction using vertical posts and horizontal beams.

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• Prairie House: An architectural style emphasizing horizontal lines rather than verticality.

• Purism: An architectural movement led by Le Corbusier focusing on geometric forms.

• Quattro Libri: A classical architectural treatise by Andrea Palladio concerning building design.

• Reformation and Counter-Reformation: Religious movements that reshaped church architecture, resulting in the Baroque era.

• Reinforced Concrete: A construction material used extensively in modern buildings and skyscrapers.

• Reliquary: A container designed to hold and display religious relics.

• Shakkei: The concept of "borrowed scenery" in Japanese gardens, integrating the surrounding landscape.

• Shogun: A term for a military ruler in Japan.

• Shoji: Translucent sliding doors or screens used in traditional Japanese architecture.

• Sixtus V: A Pope associated with the Baroque architectural style.

• Skeletal Frame or Metal Cage Construction: Refers to buildings composed predominantly of steel frameworks.

• Solomonic Columns: Twisted columns, often seen in Baroque architecture.

• Spandrel: The triangular area formed between the outer curve of an arch and a rectangular outline.

Page 9

• Stroll Garden: A walking garden, typically designed for leisurely walks, associated with traditional Japanese gardens.

• Stuart and Revett: Historians known for their studies of Greek ruins.

• Stupa: A dome-shaped structure associated with Buddhist architecture, serving as a reliquary.

• Suspension Bridge: A bridge that is held up by cables or chains; an example is the Brooklyn Bridge.

• Tatami: Traditional Japanese flooring mats, creating patterns and textures in living spaces.

• Terracotta: Clay-based ceramic material used in architectural decor.

• The Picturesque: An aesthetic ideal that values the visual qualities of architecture in relationship to landscapes.

• The Primitive Hut: An essay by Laugier arguing for the simplicity and organic nature of building forms.

• The Sublime: A concept in art referring to an aesthetic quality that inspires awe or wonder.

• The White City: Refers to the architectural theme of the World's Columbian Exposition held in Chicago in 1893.

• Thin-Shell Concrete: A lightweight yet strong form of concrete used in architecture.

• Toguna: A meeting place for elders in Dogon villages, characterized by its low, wide roof.

Page 10

• Topiary: The art of shaping plants into specific forms or designs through pruning.

• Toron Sticks: Climbing sticks often found in Saharan architecture, especially in mosques.

• Trivium: A point where three pathways diverge, often seen in garden or urban designs.

• Vaulting: The construction of an arching framework that supports the roof or ceiling.

• Vernacular: Architecture that reflects local traditions, materials, and cultural practices.

• Vers une architecture: An influential essay by Le Corbusier advocating for modern architectural principles.

• Vestibule: An entry space or antechamber near the main entrance of a building.

• Villa: Term for a large country house, often used during the Roman era by the upper class.

• Vitruvius: An ancient Roman architect and philosopher; known for the Vitruvian Man concept.

• Voussoir: A wedge-shaped stone used in the construction of arches and vaults.

• Wabi-Sabi: A Japanese aesthetic that embraces natural imperfection and the beauty of aging.

• Wasmuth Portfolio: A published collection by Frank Lloyd Wright showcasing modernist architecture.

• Wengcheng Diagram: A conceptual 3x3 grid structure with an emphasis on centrality.

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• Topkapi Palace Complex: Features a connection of interior and exterior spaces, multiple domes, large arcades supported by doric columns, and a middle gate decorated with inscriptions.

• Taj Mahal: Renowned Islamic architectural marvel, a white marble tomb symbolizing love.

• Forbidden City: Chinese architectural complex characterized by its two-tier double-eave roofs and main axis leading to Tiananmen Square.

• Himeji Castle: Japanese castle notable for heart pillars and family crests representing butterfly motifs from the Edo period.

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• Ninomaru Palace: Japanese architectural example featuring a Flock of Geese plan, post-and-lintel construction, and decorative fusama (sliding panels).

• Iron Bridge: Neoclassical bridge in Coalbrookdale, England, showcasing early use of steel.

• Chiswick House: Neoclassically designed villa with geometric domes and decorative elements.

• Kenwood House: A harmonious blend of classical and rococo styles, noted for its pastel interiors and classical orders.

• Stourhead: An English garden reminiscent of Versailles, featuring simple arch truss bridges over water.

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• Neoclassical Mock Ruins: Architectural elements resembling Greek temples, featuring domes and classical symmetry.

• Royal Pavilion: Inspired by the Taj Mahal, it emphasizes exoticism with bulbous shapes and motifs.

• Carceri: Neoclassical artwork exploring the themes of chaos and transition into industrialism.

• Cenotaph for Isaac Newton: A structure exemplifying romantic neoclassicism and a tribute to the sublime.

• Ste. Genevieve (Pantheon): A Classical building reflecting democratic ideals in 18th century France.

• Josephine Baker Tomb: An example of meaningful architectural tribute.

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• Salines des Chaux: Proposed unified community emphasizing architecture parlante.

• Altes Museum: Neoclassical structure with classical front columns.

• State Capitol: An example of associationalism emphasizing classical elements to express democracy.

• University of Virginia: Features a structured plan leading towards a library designed as a Greek temple.

• Bibliothèque Ste. Geneviève: Showcases structural rationalism through its architectural trusses and functional design.

• Crystal Palace: A Victorian structure showcasing the unique application of steel and glass in a modern context.

Page 15

• Brooklyn Bridge: An iconic suspension bridge illustrating advanced engineering.

• Reliance Building: A work of architecture reflecting modern materials and industrial function.

• Wainwright Building: An early example of skyscraper design principles.

• Rebuilding of Paris (Metro): Characterized by its covered pavilions and decorative elements leading to underground transit.

• Casa Mila: Celebrated for its organic form and extensive use of decorative details.

• Robie House: An example of prairie style emphasizing horizontal lines and open interior layouts.

• Unity Temple: Highlights the use of reinforced concrete in design.

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• Connections to Classical Churches: Notable for their floor plans and designed columns.

• Larkin Building: Represents modern industrial architecture with innovative systems and spatial structures.

• Muller House: A mansion emphasizing integration with its natural surroundings.

• AEG Turbine Hall: A symbol of industrial power and modern engineering aesthetics.

• The Bauhaus: An influential school promoting functional and modernist architectural principles.

• German Pavilion: A showcase of modernist designs and functionality.

• Citta Nuova: Represents a fresh approach in architectural design, born out of futurism's ideas.

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• Villa Savoye: An iconic international style home accommodating a car-centric lifestyle, showcases Corbusier's five points.

• Illinois Institute of Technology: An embodiment of tabula rasa urbanism, emphasizing freshness in design.

• Seagram Building: A representative of the International style, with an emphasis on minimalistic forms.

• MESP Building: Reinforces Corbusier’s five points with innovative glazing and sustainable design choices.

• Notre Dame du Haut: Represents modern monumentality in a landscape setting with organic features.

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• Guggenheim: Architecture distinguished by modern twists on natural forms.

• TWA Terminal: Incorporates natural design motifs throughout its interiors and facades.

• Museum of Art: Characterized by pilotis and a dynamic relationship between structure and function.

• Capsule Towers: A modular, futuristic design that emphasizes versatility in living spaces.

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• Centre Pompidou: An architectural exploration of movement as a design element, with an “inside-out” appearance.

• Vanna Venturi House: A post-modern creation that blends classical elements with asymmetrical designs.

• Portland Building: A post-modern attempt to draw on historical traditions while reinterpreting meaning in architecture.

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• Classical Elements: Featured oversized keystone symbolism, Greek-inspired pedestals, and vertical qualities in the facade.

• Zyberk: Envisions an infrastructure focused on walkability connected to public amenities.

• Parc de la Villette: An innovative space with three ordering systems for paths, decorative elements, and fields.

• Jewish Museum: A significant architectural synthesis connecting historical and contemporary narratives about Jewish life.

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• Symbolic Slats: Representing the memory of lost lives, utilizes dramatic lighting for atmosphere.

• Vietnam Veterans Memorial: Features two walls inscribed with names pointing toward significant landmarks for context.

• The Rural Studio: Focused on community engagement and sustainable architectural practices.

ITALIAN RENAISSANCE/MANNERISM

• F. Brunelleschi, Dome (Duomo), Santa Maria del Fiore, Florence, begun 1419

• F. Brunelleschi, San Lorenzo, Florence, begun 1419

• Michelozzo, Medici-Ricardi Palace, Florence, begun 1445

• L.B. Alberti, Sant’ Andrea, Mantua, 1472

• D. Bramante, Tempietto, Rome, begun 1502

• D. Bramante, Plan for St. Peter's, Rome, 1506

• Michelangelo, Plan, Dome, and Apse end (exterior), St. Peter's, Rome, begun 1546

• Michelangelo, Vestibule (Ricetto), Laurentian Library, Florence, begun 1524

• A. Palladio, Façade, Il Redentore, Venice, 1570-90

• A. Palladio, Villa Rotunda, near Vicenza, 1566-71

AFRICA/AMERICAS

• Nomadic/portable/impermanent architecture: North African (Bedouin) Tents, North American Plains Indian Tipis, Alaskan/Canadian (Inuit) Iglus

• Batammaliba Houses, Benin and Togo

• Great Mosque, Djenné, Mali, originally built mid-14th c., rebuilt 1906-07

• St. George’s Church, Lalibela, Ethiopia, 13th c.

• City plan, Templo and Plaza Mayor, Tenochtitlán, Mexico, 14th-16th c.

• Acoma Pueblo, NM, established ca. 1100

• San Estévan, Acoma Pueblo, NM, 1629-64

ROMAN AND NORTHERN BAROQUE

• G.L. Bernini, Cornaro Chapel (Ecstasy of St. Theresa), S. M. della Vittoria, Rome, 1647-51

• G.L. Bernini, C. Rainaldi, and C. Fontana, Piazza del Popolo, Rome, 1660s

• G.L. Bernini, works at and around St. Peter's, Rome: Piazza and Colonnade, 1656, Baldacchino, 1624-33, Cathedra Petri, 1656-66

• C. Maderno, Façade and Nave, St. Peter's, Rome, 1606-12

• F. Borromini, San Carlino alle Quattro Fontane, Rome, begun 1638-67

• L. le Vau, C. Le Brun, A. le Notre et al., Palace (Chateau), Gardens and Grounds, Versailles, begun 1661

• G. Boffrand, Salon de la Princesse, Hôtel de Soubise, Paris, 1730s

• B. Neumann, Church of Vierzenheiligen (14 Saints), near Bamberg, Bavaria, 1740s

OTTOMAN TURKEY/SAFAVID PERSIA/MUGHAL INDIA

• Topkapi Saray (Palace), Istanbul, begun 1459

• Sinan, Süleymaniye Mosque, Istanbul, 1548-59

• Maidan, Isfahan, begun 1590

• Masjid-i-Shah (Shah’s Mosque), Isfahan, 1611-38

• Fatehpur Sikri, Palace complex and Buland Darwaza (gate), India, begun 1570s

• Taj Mahal, Agra, 1631-47

MING CHINA/EDO JAPAN

• Forbidden City, Beijing, begun 1407

• Taihe Dian (Hall of Supreme Harmony), Forbidden City, Beijing, 1669/1765

• Himeji Castle, Japan, 1601-13

• Ninomaru Palace (within Nijo Castle compound), Kyoto, ca. 1620

• Katsura Imperial Villa (including Gardens), Kyoto, begun 1615

• Dry garden, Ryoanji Zen Temple, Kyoto, 16th century

Notes on Notable Buildings

Italian Renaissance/Mannerism

• Dome (Duomo), Santa Maria del Fiore, Florence

  • Architect: F. Brunelleschi

  • Begun: 1419

  • Notable for its innovative dome design that remains a hallmark of Renaissance architecture.

• San Lorenzo, Florence

  • Architect: F. Brunelleschi

  • Begun: 1419

  • Recognized for its streamlined classicism and harmonious proportions.

• Medici-Ricardi Palace, Florence

  • Architect: Michelozzo

  • Begun: 1445

  • A significant example of early Renaissance palaces exhibiting a sumptuous yet restrained style.

• Sant’ Andrea, Mantua

  • Architect: L.B. Alberti

  • Completed: 1472

  • Known for its grand façade and innovative use of classical principles in church architecture.

• Tempietto, Rome

  • Architect: D. Bramante

  • Begun: 1502

  • A small commemorative temple celebrated as an early example of Renaissance architecture.

• Plan for St. Peter's, Rome

  • Architect: D. Bramante

  • Begun: 1506

  • Conceptualized as one of the largest and most influential churches in the Christian world.

• Dome and Apse end (exterior), St. Peter's, Rome

  • Architect: Michelangelo

  • Begun: 1546

  • Highly regarded for its monumental scale and design that redefined Renaissance sacred architecture.

• Vestibule (Ricetto), Laurentian Library, Florence

  • Architect: Michelangelo

  • Begun: 1524

  • Noted for its intricate details and the grand spatial experience it provides.

• Façade, Il Redentore, Venice

  • Architect: A. Palladio

  • Completed: 1570-90

  • Exemplifies Palladio's interpretation of classical architecture within a religious context.

• Villa Rotunda, near Vicenza

  • Architect: A. Palladio

  • Completed: 1566-71

  • Celebrated for its symmetry and harmonious proportions influencing villa architecture.

Africa/Americas

• Great Mosque, Djenné, Mali

  • Originally built in the mid-14th century; rebuilt 1906-07

  • Notable for its unique adobe architecture and cultural significance in Mali.

• St. George’s Church, Lalibela, Ethiopia

  • Built in the 13th century

  • Famous for being carved from solid rock, reflecting extraordinary craftsmanship.

• Acoma Pueblo, NM

  • Established around 1100

  • Represents the unique architectural style of Native American inhabitants, built on a mesa.

• San Estévan, Acoma Pueblo, NM

  • Completed 1629-64

  • Known for its adobe construction and cultural significance to the Acoma people.

Roman and Northern Baroque

• Cornaro Chapel (Ecstasy of St. Theresa)

  • Architect: G.L. Bernini

  • Completed: 1647-51

  • A striking example of Baroque emotional use of space and light.

• St. Peter's, Rome (Piazza and Colonnade)

  • Architect: G.L. Bernini

  • Completed: 1656

  • Features grand colonnades that embrace visitors, symbolizing the church's welcoming nature.

• San Carlino alle Quattro Fontane

  • Architect: F. Borromini

  • Begun: 1638-67

  • Recognized for its complex geometrical shapes and dramatic interior.

• Palace of Versailles, France

  • Architects: L. le Vau, C. Le Brun, A. le Notre

  • Begun: 1661

  • An architectural testament to royal extravagance and the power of Louis XIV.

• Church of Vierzenheiligen (14 Saints)

  • Architect: B. Neumann

  • Near Bamberg, Bavaria; built in the 1740s

  • Noted for its dramatic layout and expressive Baroque style.

Ottoman Turkey/Mughal India

• Topkapi Saray (Palace)

  • Established: 1459

  • Signifies the heart of the Ottoman Empire, mixing Islamic and Byzantine influences in design.

• Süleymaniye Mosque, Istanbul

  • Architect: Sinan

  • Completed: 1559

  • Renowned for its size and grandeur, embodying Ottoman architecture's zenith.

• Taj Mahal, Agra

  • Built: 1631-47

  • A breathtaking example of Mughal architecture, renowned for its beauty and symmetry.

Ming China/Edo Japan

• Forbidden City, Beijing

  • Begun: 1407

  • Served as the imperial palace for 24 emperors, showcasing traditional Chinese palatial architecture.

• Himeji Castle, Japan

  • Built: 1601-13

  • Often considered Japan's most beautiful castle, exemplifying defensive architecture skillfully blended with aesthetic appeal.