UCSP

CULTURAL, SOCIAL AND POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS

1. KINSHIP, MARRIAGE, AND THE HOUSEHOLD

  • Kinship by Blood:

    • Descent Systems:

      • Unilineal: Traced exclusively through either male (patrilineal) or female (matrilineal) ancestors.

        • Patrilineal: Descent and inheritance are traced through the father.

        • Matrilineal: Descent and inheritance are traced through the mother.

      • Bilateral: Kinship ties recognized through both maternal and paternal lines.

  • Kinship by Marriage:

    • Marriage rules include various forms of marital unions:

      • Monogamy: One spouse at a time.

      • Serial Monogamy: Sequential marriages after divorce or death.

      • Polygamy: More than one spouse at once.

        • Polygyny: One man has multiple wives.

        • Polyandry: One woman has multiple husbands.

  • Post-Marital Residency Rules:

    • Patrilocal: Couple lives with the husband's relatives.

    • Matrilocal: Couple lives with the wife's relatives.

    • Avunculocal: Couple lives near the wife’s maternal uncle.

    • Bilateral & Ambilocal: Couples alternate residences with either side of family.

    • Neolocal: Establish residence away from both families.

    • Duolocal: Couples live separately with their respective families.

    • Matri-Patrilocal: Initial residence with the wife’s family shifts to the husband’s after a period.

2. Kinship by Ritual

  • Establishes bonds through social ceremonies rather than biological ties (e.g., compadrazgo, godparenthood, adoption).

  • Fictive Kinship: Relationships formed through shared rituals.

3. The Family and the Household

  • Family Types:

    • Nuclear Family: Parents and children living as a single unit.

    • Extended Family: Includes relatives beyond the nuclear family.

    • Reconstituted Family: Blended family from previous relationships.

    • Transnational Family: Family members living in different countries but maintaining ties.

4. Politics of Kinship

  • Political Dynasty: Generational transfer of power within families.

  • Political Alliances: Formed to consolidate or share power through marriages or mutual support.

POLITICAL AND LEADERSHIP STRUCTURES

1. Political Organization

  • Types of Political Structures:

    • Bands: Smallest, informal, consensus-based decisions.

    • Tribes: Larger than bands, may have chiefs.

    • Chiefdoms: Hierarchical structures led by a chief.

    • States: Centralized political entities with defined territories.

    • Nations: Groups sharing cultural characteristics, may lack sovereignty.

2. Authority and Legitimacy

  • Types of Authority:

    • Traditional: Legitimacy through customs and beliefs.

    • Charismatic: Legitimacy through personal qualities and followers' loyalty.

    • Rational: Legitimacy based on established laws and election procedures.

ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS

  • Formal and Informal Rules: Govern economic activities including production, distribution, and consumption.

1. Reciprocity

  • Types of Reciprocity:

    • Generalized: Giving without expectation of return.

    • Balanced: Expectation of equivalent return within a timeframe.

    • Negative: Acquiring goods with minimal resources.

2. Transfers and Redistribution

  • Redistribution involves central collection and sharing of goods, such as taxes and welfare.

3. Market Transactions

  • Market Arrangements: Exchange of goods/services between buyers and sellers.

    • Initial Public Offering (IPO): Selling shares to the public for the first time.

    • Private Placement: Selling to a small group.

    • Market and State Interactions: Provision of central distribution systems without state control.

4. Non-State Institutions

  • Cooperatives and Trade Unions:

    • Cooperatives: Owned and controlled by members.

    • Trade Unions: Workers' organizations advocating for rights.

    • Types of Cooperatives:

      • Credit, Consumer, Producer, Marketing, Service Cooperatives.

GLOBAL INEQUALITY

1. Types of Non-State Actors

  • Multinational Corporations (MNCs): Operate globally without being tied to a specific nation.

  • Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs): Independent entities advocating for specific causes.

  • Intergovernmental Organizations (IGOs): Formed by governments for collaborative governance.

2. Social Inequality

  • Access to Resources: Varies among different groups based on economy, politics, and society.

  • Gender Inequality: Unequal treatment based on gender, often leading to economic disparities.

  • Cultural and Ethnic Inequalities: Discriminatory practices faced by cultural groups and minorities.

3. Other Minorities

  • Persons with Disabilities: Facing discrimination and barriers in humanitarian contexts.

SOCIAL STRATIFICATION

  • Definitions: Systematic categorization based on wealth, status, power, and prestige.

  • Political Stratification: Determines extent of power inequalities influenced by political processes.

  • Social Mobility: Ability of individuals/groups to move up or down social positions.

    • Open System: Mobility based on efforts.

    • Closed System: Limited mobility based on caste.

RESPONDING TO SOCIAL, POLITICAL, AND CULTURAL CHANGE

  • Inclusive Citizenship: Empowering marginalized groups to participate in political processes.

  • Participatory Governance: Involvement of citizens in decision-making and policy formation.

  • New Forms of Media: Social media, content creation platforms, and online communities transforming interactions.

SOCIAL MOVEMENTS

  • Key Movements:

    • Feminism: Advocates for gender equality.

    • Environmentalism: Focuses on environmental protection.

    • LGBTQ+ Rights Movement: Advocates for rights and social acceptance of LGBTQ+ individuals.

    • Labor Movement: Promotes workers' rights and fair labor practices.