A&P-Exam1-StudyGuide

Exam 1 Study Guide

(Questions taken from Kahoot, In-Class Assignments, and Quizzes)

  1. List the levels of organization in the body from simplest to most complex. Define each term.
  2. What happens in the process of cellular differentiation that causes cells with the same DNA to be different from each other?
  3. What are the four general types of tissues?
  4. What are the components of the extracellular fluid?
  5. Why do larger organisms need organ systems? Use complete sentences, and include diffusion
    and homeostasis in your explanation.
  6. List the four types of control systems used in the body to maintain homeostasis and give an
    example of each.

  1. Describe how positive feedback can be used to maintain homeostasis.
  2. Draw a general negative feedback reflex (not an example). Include all components and be sure
    to close the loop.
  3. Which of the following is not a general type of tissue?
    1. Connective
    2. Epithelial
    3. Nervous
    4. Skeletal
  4. Homeostasis is concerned with maintaining a constant
    1. Extracellular Environment
    2. Intracellular Environment
  5. Which is more common in the body?
    1. Positive Feedback
    2. Negative Feedback
  6. Which of the following requires extra energy?
    1. Neither equilibrium nor steady-state
    2. Steady-state
    3. Equilibrium
    4. Both steady-state and equilibrium
  7. The process by which cells change the expression of genes in order to become more specialized is called __________ __________.
  8. The smallest structure in an organ that performs the primary function of that organ and repeats many times throughout the organ is called a __________ __________.
  9. What are the main effectors for a reflex?
  10. Fill in the table for the four types of intercellular chemical messengers that do not need direct
    contact between the cells, then put an X in any of the boxes that apply to that messenger

Intercellular Messenger

Can Travel In Blood?

Can be used for long distance communication

  1. Fill in table for the types of membrane junctions and the proteins they contain.

Membrane Junction

Protein

Desmosome

Hemidesmosome

Gap Junctions

  1. Protein binding sites-ligand interactions have four characteristics: chemical specificity,
    saturation, affinity, and competition. Describe each of these characteristics for protein-ligand interactions.


Chemical specificity:


Saturation:


Affinity:


Competition:

  1. In order to be healthy all extracellular variables in the body must be stable in all situations.
    1. True
    2. False
  2. Reflexes can be feedforward.
    1. True
    2. False
  3. Feedforward Regulation is usually beneficial to the organism.
    1. True
    2. False
  4. Parturition (Giving Birth) is an example of
    1. Feedforward
    2. Negative Feedback
    3. Positive Feedback
    4. Resetting the Set-Point
  5. Which of the following organ systems has the smallest role in homeostasis?
    1. Digestive System
    2. Lymphatic System
    3. Reproductive System
    4. Urinary System
  6. Which is most common in the body?
    1. Negative Feedback
    2. Positive Feedback
  7. A single protein can bind to many different ligands.
    1. True
    2. False
  8. Ligand-protein interactions can be covalent.
    1. True
    2. False
  9. The higher the KD for a protein-ligand interaction the
    1. Higher the proteins affinity for the ligand
    2. Lower the proteins affinity for the ligand
  10. What kind of proteins hold cells close together/attaches cells to each other?
    1. Integrins
    2. Connexins
    3. Juxtins
    4. Adherins
    5. Cadherins
  11. According to the _________________ model, proteins move freely along the membrane plane and are not anchored in one spot.
  12. What is the name for all of the sugar moeities attached to the extracellular side of membrane proteins that plays an important role in cell recognition?
  13. Which two types of intercellular communication require direct cell-to-cell contact?
  14. Change in the conformation of one subunit of a protein can change the conformation of other subunits of the protein. This is called ____________________________________.
  15. What is the equation for net flux? Always define abbreviations.
  16. What is the general primary direct use of ATP in cells?
  17. How do small, polar chemical species, like ions or water, get across the plasma membrane?
  18. How do non-polar molecules, like steroid hormones, get across the plasma membrane?
  19. Draw a diagram illustrating how coenzyme substrates are used.
  20. List the factors that determine net flux. State which factors do not usually change much in the human body.
  21. Graph the effect of doubling enzyme concentration on the reaction rate by substrate
    concentration. You should have two curves on your graph, one at a given enzyme concentration and one at double that enzyme concentration. Be sure to label which is which, and label your axes.
  22. Graph the effect of increasing an enzymes affinity for substrate on the rate of the reaction by substrate concentration. You should have two curves on your graph, one with a baseline enzyme affinity and one with a higher enzyme affinity. Be sure to label which is which, and label your axes.
  23. The charge inside a resting cell is ________ compared to the outside of the cell.
    1. Negative
    2. Neutral
    3. Positive
  24. What causes bigger conformational change in a protein?
    1. Allosteric modulation
    2. Covalent modulation
  25. At absolute zero, there would be no diffusion.
    1. True
    2. False
  26. A primary function of organ systems is to increase the rate of diffusion.
    1. True
    2. False
  27. The net flux of a permeable solute across a membrane is constant until diffusion equilibrium is reached.
    1. True
    2. False
  28. At diffusion equilibrium, all diffusion stops.
    1. True
    2. False
  29. A protein may have covalent modulation or allosteric modulation, but not both.
    1. True
    2. False
  30. All enzymes are proteins.
    1. True
    2. False
  31. If a reaction is reversible, and the concentration of a substrate/reactant decreases, then the rate of the _________________ reaction will increase.
    1. Forward
    2. Reverse
  32. If a solute takes 1 second to reach diffusion equilibrium over 10 micrometers, how long would it take to reach diffusion equilibrium over 10 centimeters?
    1. 1-11months
    2. 2-59 seconds
    3. 1-9 years
    4. 1-59 minutes
    5. 1-23 hours
    6. 1-3 weeks
    7. 1-6 days
  33. In the body, what is the solvent that the solutes are dissolved in? (related to diffusion)
  34. What are the three ways of gating an ion channel?
  35. What four factors determine the rate of transport of solutes using a facilitated diffusion
    transporter?
  36. What is the normal osmolarity of the body? (Remember, a number without units in
    meaningless.)
  37. What is the word for moving substances out of the cell by fusing a vesicle containing the substance with the plasma membrane?
  38. What are the three types of endocytosis discussed in the lecture videos?
  39. Which type of endocytosis is most specific?
  40. What does it mean to say that epithelial cells are polar? (it does not have to do with
    charge/electricity).
  41. List the steps of the sodium-potassium pump cycle. Be sure to include autophosphorylation, dephosphorylation, sodium binding and dissociating, potassium binding and dissociating, the number of each ion that binds per cycle, and conformational changes.
  42. Water moves from areas of
    1. High osmolarity to low osmolarity
    2. Low osmolarity to high osmolarity
  43. The higher the osmotic pressure, the
    1. Higher the solute concentration
    2. Lower the solute concentration
  44. There are no active transport methods for water.
    1. True
    2. False
  45. If a cell crenates, it is in a(n)
    1. Hypertonic solution
    2. Hypotonic solution
    3. Isotonic solution
  46. The sodium-potassium pump is in the ______ membrane of epithelial cells.
    1. Apical
    2. Basolateral
    3. Both the apical and the basolateral
  47. There is a maximum rate of flux of solutes using a transporter
    1. True
    2. False
  48. If the volume of the cell does not change, it is in a(n)
    1. Hypertonic solution
    2. Hypotonic solution
    3. Isotonic solution
  49. Other than sodium and potassium, what other 2 ions are primarily regulated by pumps?
    1. Calcium
    2. Chloride
    3. Hydrogen
    4. Magnesium
  50. Substances are usually actively transported across both the apical and basolateral membranes of the epithelial layer.
    1. True
    2. False
  51. If a cell swells, it is in a(n)
    1. Hypertonic solution
    2. Hypotonic solution
    3. Isotonic solution
  52. What ion is commonly used in secondary active transport to move another chemical against its concentration gradient?
    1. Calcium
    2. Hydrogen
    3. Potassium
    4. Sodium
  53. Which is faster?
    1. movement of chemcial species through channels
    2. transport of chemical species via a membrane transporter
  54. Transport of chemical species from _____________________________ requires the use of ATP directly or indirectly.
    1. low concentration to high concentration
    2. high concentration to low concentration
  55. The sodium-potassium pump
    1. pumps sodium into the cell and potassium out of the cell
    2. pumps both sodium and potassium out of the cell
    3. pumps potassium into the cell and sodium out of the cell
    4. pumps both sodium and potassium into the cell
  56. If solute concentration is high, water concentration is
    1. Low
    2. High
    3. Unchanged
  57. What is the name of the channel that allows water to move across the plasma membrane?