Music History 3Final Exam

La Monte Young- music centers on small number of pitches, head at a great length

Terry Riley- member of La Monte Young’s ensemble, and explored patters through repetition, tape loops

Steve Reich- developed a quasi-canonic procedure in which musicians play the same material out of phase with each other. Also began in the electronic studio

Phillip Glass- studied at Juilliard with Nadia Boulanger, worked with Indian sitarist, Ravi Shankar, and was deeply influenced by rhythm organization of Indian music.

Glass- emphasized melodiousness, consonance (simple harmonic progressions), and amplification of rock music

John Adams- blends minimalist techniques with variety of other approaches

R. Murray Shafer- leading Canadian composer, variety of styles, neo-classical to avant-garde

Shafer- most pieces based on extramusical inspirations, environmental music, pieces break out of concert hall

Peter Schickele (P.D.Q. Bach)- Wittiest and most popular composer to use stylistic allusion, works mostly tonal, draw upon charity of styles’

Ellen Taffe Zwilich- first Pulitzer Prize in music awarded to a woman

Arvo Pärt- Estonian composer, instantly recognizable style, using simplest materials

Part- studies Gregorian chant, early polyphony, sometimes called ‘sacred minimalism’ because of the direct impact of his faith/mysticism

Joan Tower- American composer, many works based on images

John Taverner- 1977, elements from liturgical music of the orthodox church

George Rochberg- turned from seriali9sm to quotation in the ‘60s

Rochberg- 70s, romantic and early modernist styles

Caroline Shaw- the youngest person to win the Pulitzer Prize in music for music.

Jennifer Higdon- blue cathedral (2000) exemplifies accessible modernism, while reaching back to the trademark procedures of one of the 1st and most beloved modernists, Debussy. 2010 Pulitzer Prize winner for her violin concerto and a grammy for her percussion concerto.

Eric Whitacre- composer of choral, wind ensemble and orchestral, often uses aleatoric elements. Neo-impressionistic(?), dense, poignant harmonies

Eric Ewazen- composer of works for winds and strings, emphasis on chamber music and brass, tonal, post-romantic, lively and energetic

Steven Mackey- influenced by rock, jazz, and the avant-garde. Many compositions for, or incorporating electric guitar

Christopher Rouse- classically trained composers who absorbed pop styles to create similar blends, Bonham for percussion ensemble celebrated John Bonham (drummer for Led Zepplin

Julia Wolfe- their music long inhabited a terrain of its own, a place where classical forms are recharged by the repetitive patterns of minimalism and the driving energy of rock. Her work Anthracite Fields, an oratorio for chorus and instruments, was awarded the 2015 Pulitzer Prize for Music.

Minimalism- leading musical style of the late 20th century, prominent trend since 1970s. Reduces to minimum, procedures simplified and absorbed influences.

Post-minimalism- influenced by minimal music, began circa 1980, composers and performers were open to even more influences including rock, jazz, world music, folk etc.

Spectralism (did not discuss in class, but it is in the textbook)

Environmental music- (Shafer) pieces that break out of the concert hall, like Music for Wilderness Lake (‘79)

Postmodernism- abandons notion that musical idioms develop continuously, styles of all…and cultures equally available. Musical material employed as composers see fit.

Polystylism- an aspect of postmodernism, combination of new and older styles, created through quotation or stylistic allusion. More engaging and easier to follow.

Tintinnabuli- (Arvo Part) method developed in the 70s, term derived from bell-like sonorities.

Tintinnabuli- Counterpoint between pitch-centered diatonic melody, one or more other voices sound notes of tonic triad.

Neo-Romanticism- a trend of the late 20th century in which composers adopted the familiar tonal idiom of 19th century romantic music and incorporated its sounds and gestures

Decentralized music production- possible for anyone to create, record, produce, distribute music

Mashup- combination of elements from 2 or more recordings, such as the vocal line from one song with the instrumental track of another

Streaming- process of delivering digital music or other media directly through a website or application without having to download a digital audio file