Chapter 1 - Introduction to the Structural Units

• Anatomy

  • Shape and structure of an organism’s body and the relationship of one body part to another. Nuts and bolts of the body.

• Physiology

  • How parts of your body work together to make body parts function properly.

Branches of Anatomy

• Gross anatomy - Large structures Ex: Cardiovascular System

• Microscopic anatomy - Cells

• Developmental anatomy - Changes

• Comparative anatomy - Other organisms

• Systematic anatomy - Body systems

Body Planes and Sections

• Sagittal plane

  • Equal right and left parts

    • Also known as midsagittal plane and mid line.

• Coronal plane

  • Horizontal cut where there is a front and back. (Cuts vertically from head to toe)

    • Also known as frontal plane

• Transverse

  • Horizontal; Divides body into upper and lower parts

    • Also known as cross section

Terms for Location or Position and Direction

• Anterior/Ventral and Posterior/Dorsal

  • A/V: Front

  • P/D: Back

Vocabulary

Anterior: Front of body

Posterior: Back of body

Ventral: Top of your shoulders-Past pelvis

Dorsal: Top of your head-End of spine

Cephalic: Toward the “head end”
Caudal: Toward the “tail end”

Superior: Above another

Inferior: Below another

Medial: Toward the midline

Lateral: Away the midline

*Proximal: Toward the point of attachment/origin

*Distal: Away the point of attachment/origin

*PROXIMAL/DISTAL ONLY USED FOR ARMS AND LEGS

Superficial/External: On or near the surface (S/E)

Deep/Internal: Deep inside (D/I)

Body Cavities

• Dorsal Cavity

  • Brain and Spinal Cord

  • Cranial cavity

  • Spinal cavity

• Thoracic Cavity - Top of shoulder to bottom of sternum

  • Focuses on heart and lungs

• Abdominopelvic Cavity - Bottom of sternum to bottom of pelvic

  • Abdominal cavity - Bottom of sternum to hips

  • Pelvic cavity

    • Digestive and reproductive system

Abdominopelvic Cavity Regions

• Epigatric region (upper)

  • Below sternum

• Right and left hypochondriac

  • Below ribs

• Umbilical (middle)

  • Located around the belly button

• Right and left lumbar

  • Extend from back to front

• Hypogastric (lower)

  • Pubic area

• Right and left iliac

  • AKA Right and left inguinal areas

    • Hips and thighs

Smaller Cavities

• Orbital Cavity

  • Eyes, eyeball muscles, optic nerves, and lacrimal (tear) ducts

• Nasal Cavity

  • Parts that form the nose

• Buccal Cavity

  • Teeth and tongue

Life Functions

• Living organism: Multicellular or Unicellular

• All living things carry living functions

• Functions allow living things to grow

Vocabulary

• Movement

  • Muscle System

• Ingestion/Digestion/Synthesis/Assimilation

  • Digestive System

• Transport

  • Circulatory

• Respiration

  • Respiratory System

• Growth

  • Skeletal System

• Secretion

  • Endocrine System

• Excretion

  • Urinary System

• Regulation (sensitivity)

  • Nervous System

• Reproduction

  • Reproductive System

Human Development

Cells → Tissue → Organ → Organ System → Organism

• Metabolism

  • Activities in the cell that causes growth

    • Anabolism (adrienette!!)

      • Building up

    • Catabolism (cataclysm guys!!)

      • Breaking down

• Homeostasis

  • Ability of the body to regulate internal environment

Chapter 2 - Chemistry of Living Things

• Atom

  • Smallest piece of an element

• Subatomic particles

  • Proton

  • Neutron

  • Electron

• Isotopes (atom varieties) and radioactive isotopes.

Scans

• CAT or CT scan

• MRI

• PET scan

• Bone, liver, brain, and spleen scans.

• Sonography or ultrasound

Chemical Bonds

• Ionic Bond

  • One atom gives up an electron to another atom

• Covalent Bond

  • The atoms share electrons

• Hydrogen Bond

  • Helps to hold water molecules together

Electrolytes - Electrically charged particles that help determine fluid and acid-base balance.

Types of Compounds

• Inorganic Compounds

  • Normally do not contain carbon

  • Water is 55-65% of their weight

• Organic Compounds

  • Found in living things

  • Contains carbon

Organic Compounds

-Carbohydrates

• Elements: Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

• Monosaccharides: One sugar

• Disaccharides: Two sugars

• Polysaccharides: Many sugars

- Lipids

• Elements: Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

• Fats

• Phosphorus

• Steroids

- Proteins

• Elements: Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and (sometimes) phosphorus and sulfur.

• Most diverse and essential organic compounds

• Found in every living part of a cell

• Amino Acids

- Enzymes

• Specialized in protein molecules

• Found in all living cells

• Help control chemical reactions

• Organic Catalysts

• Highly specific in their actions

-Nucleic Acids

• Elements: Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus

• Structure of Nucleic acids

• DNA

  • Deoxyribonucleic acid

• RNA

  • Ribonucleic acid

Acids

• Sour taste

• When dissolved in water, it will ionize into positively charged ions (H+) and negatively charged ions of some other element.

  • Yields hydrogen ions (H+) in solution

• Litmus paper testing

Bases

• Bitter taste

• Also known as Alkali

• When dissolved in water, it will ionize into negative charged ion (OH-) and positively charged ions of a metal.

• Litmus paper testing

Neutralization and Salts

• Neutralization = Exchange reactions

• Acid + Base = Salt + Water

• HCL + NaOH = NaCL + H20

pH Scale

• Measure of acidity or alkalinity

• Ranges from 0-14

• pH of 7.0 = Neutral

• pH of 0 - 6.9 = Acid

• pH of 7.1 - 14 = Alkaline

Homeostasis

• Homeostasis is essential to living

• Maintenance of a balance pH

  • Through a compound called a buffer (NaHCO3)

• Intracellular and extracellular fluids