Grade 10 Science Exam

Optics Unit

Chapter 11: The Production and Reflection of Light

  1. 8 Ways Light is Produced:

    • Bioluminescence

    • Incandescence

    • Fluorescence

    • Phosphorescence

    • Chemiluminescence

    • Triboluminescence

    • LED (Light Emitting Diode)

    • Electric Discharge

  2. Specular vs. Diffuse Reflection:

    • Specular Reflection: Light reflects off a smooth surface, creating clear images (e.g., mirrors).

    • Diffuse Reflection: Light reflects off rough surfaces, scattering in multiple directions, preventing image formation.

  3. 3 Properties of White Light:

    • Composed of all visible wavelengths.

    • Can be dispersed into colors via a prism.

    • Travels in straight lines until refracted or reflected.

  4. 7 Types of EM Waves (highest to lowest energy):

    • Gamma Rays

    • X-rays

    • Ultraviolet (UV)

    • Visible Light

    • Infrared (IR)

    • Microwaves

    • Radio Waves

  5. Reflection & Laws:

    • Definition: Bouncing back of light from a surface.

    • Laws of Reflection:

      • The angle of incidence = angle of reflection.

      • The incident ray, reflected ray, and normal all lie on the same plane.

    • Key Terms:

      • Normal: Perpendicular line to the surface at the point of incidence.

      • Incident Ray: Incoming light ray striking a surface.

      • Reflected Ray: Light ray bouncing off a surface.

      • The angle of Incidence: Angle between the incident ray and the normal.

      • The angle of Reflection: Angle between the reflected ray and the normal.

  6. Mirror Types and Images:

    • Real Images: Produced by concave mirrors when the object is beyond the focal point.

    • Virtual Images: Produced by plane mirrors and convex mirrors.

  7. Acronym SALT:

    • Size: Larger, smaller, or same size as the object.

    • Attitude: Upright or inverted.

    • Location: Position relative to the mirror or lens.

    • Type: Real or virtual image.

  8. Convex Mirrors in Stores:

    • Provide a wider field of view for surveillance and safety.

Chapter 12: The Refraction of Light

  1. Refraction:

    • Bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a change in speed.

  2. Index of Refraction:

    • Ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to its speed in a given medium.

  3. Critical Angle:

    • Angle of incidence that results in the refracted ray lying along the boundary.

  4. Total Internal Reflection (TIR):

    • Occurs when light is completely reflected within a medium (e.g., fiber optics, diamonds).

  5. Apparent Depth:

    • Objects appear shallower than their actual depth due to refraction.

  6. Mirages:

    • Optical illusions caused by light refracting through layers of air at varying temperatures.

Chapter 13: Lenses and Optical Devices

  1. Converging vs. Diverging Lenses:

    • Converging (Convex): Focus light to a point.

    • Diverging (Concave): Spread light outward.

  2. Corrective Lenses:

    • Hyperopia (farsightedness): Convex lenses.

    • Myopia (nearsightedness): Concave lenses.

    • Presbyopia: Convex lenses.

Biology Unit

Chapter 2: Cells, Cell Division, and Specialization

  1. Cell Theory:

    • All living things are made of cells.

    • Cells are the basic unit of life.

    • All cells arise from pre-existing cells.

  2. Plant vs. Animal Cells:

    • Plant cells have chloroplasts, cell walls, and large vacuoles, which are absent in animal cells.

  3. Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells:

    • Prokaryotic: No nucleus, simple structure.

    • Eukaryotic: Contains a nucleus, complex structure.

  4. Organelle Functions:
    (List provided in your review for details)

  5. Cell Division Importance:

    • Growth, Repair, Reproduction (GRR).

  6. Diffusion vs. Osmosis:

    • Diffusion: Movement of molecules from high to low concentration.

    • Osmosis: Diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane.

  7. Cell Cycle & Mitosis:

    • Cell Cycle Stages: Interphase, Mitosis, Cytokinesis.

    • Mitosis Phases: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase.

  8. Cancer and the Cell Cycle:

    • Uncontrolled cell growth disrupting normal cycles.

Animal Systems

  1. Levels of Organization:

    • Cell → Tissue → Organ → Organ System → Organism.

  2. Tissue Types:

    • Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous.

  3. Digestive System Organs:

    • Tract: Mouth → Esophagus → Stomach → Intestines.

    • Accessory: Liver, Pancreas, Gallbladder.

  4. Digestive Process:

    • Ingestion → Digestion → Absorption → Egestion.

  5. Gas Exchange:

    • Oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange in alveoli.

  6. Circulatory System Components:

    • Arteries: Carry oxygenated blood.

    • Veins: Carry deoxygenated blood.

    • Capillaries: Exchange nutrients and gases.