APush Exam Review Periods 1-5 and 8

1.2 → Native American Societies BEFORE 1492

• Before the Europeans came, Native Americans had diverse cultures — fishing, hunter-gatherers, cities
  • Central & South America — Aztec(Mexica) — Written language, bit cities, priests and human sacrifice
  • Yucatan Peninsula — Mayan — Large temples and bit cities
  • South America — Inca — Andes Mountains — Mountain-Valley
    • ALL OF THEM CULTIVATE MAIZE
      
  • New Mexico Area — Pueblo — Sedentary — very organized with religion and government
  • Great Plains — nomadic tribes — hunters and shit — Yute People
  • Pacific Northwest — fishing and hunted for elk — Chinook
  • Mississippi River Valley
    • Hopewell People — big traders
    • Cahokia — powerful chieftains, big trade
  • Northeast — Iroquois — had long houses

Basically all these people(Natives) had their own culture and shit before the Europeans arrived, and said culture was completely different based on where they resided in the United States, making it so that different areas had people with different beliefs and values

1.3 → European Exploration in the AMERICAS

• Why do the Europeans want to explore?
  • Population increase — black death is dead
  • Political Unification — new centralized governments!
  • New upper middle class — want money
    
• Trading post-empire — Europeans want a water-based way to get to Asia — Portugal — Prince Henry the Navigator — they navigate and trade everywhere — sets precedent
• Spain — Isabella and Ferdinand — want to spread Christianity though — send Chris Columbus and he sets sail — the Natives wear gold — they get purged
  • Sets up the Columbian Exchange

Europeans want to make money using boats and water to trade. Spain sends Chris over here who finds what he thinks is India, and realizes that these said Indians have gold. His route now sets stage for the Columbian Exchange and brutalization of the Native American population.

1.4 → The COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE, Spanish Exploration, and Conquest

• Columbian Exchange — The transfer of food, animals, minerals, people, and diseases between Africa, Europe, and the Americas
  
• Spanish pull up — Tenochtitlan — Hernan Cortes violates the Natives — Spanish bring smallpox(Disease) — Disease is the MAIN killer
• Food was also exchanged — Rice and Wheat and Cattle comes to the Americas, Europe get Maize and Tomatoes and Tobacco — And Europe gets SILVER and GOLD
  • Europe starting to get richer — moving away from feudalism
• Africans are exchanged — Middle Passage
  
  • • SPANISH ARE FINANCED BY THE STATE — this is backed by mercantilism — leading economic theory at the time.

This is a new time in the world, we have a way to the Americas, but is that really good for the Natives? The natives get railed by disease and warfare, but we do bring them shit like cattle and rice. On the other hand, Europe gets paid through minerals and new food items like tobacco, and all this new exploration is possible through mercantilism and state funding → mercantilism is the idea that there is only so much money out there you gotta hustle

1.5 → Labor, Slavery, and Caste in Spanish America

• African Slave Trade — many africans sold by their brothers for a few glocks and switches —
  • Europeans say that the black people are not actually human beings, and that it was justifiable to use them for labor
    • Spanish bring them (blacks) in droves — Encomienda System → All the natives living on Spanish land become laborers → if natives convert to Christianity then they will be protected
      • BUT THEY KEEP DYING AND LIKE LEAVING
    • Black don’t crack — Spanish need them now
    • Casta System — Caste System for the Spanish land — shapes society

Basically the brothers get sold into bondage, and then when the Spanish are doing their conqueror things in the Americas, they realize that the Natives keep being difficult, and either die or run. Neither is positive for the Spanairds so they bring over the blacks, who are inferior and can in fact be used for labor. These people are then incorporated into the Caste System there and it is all fun and good.

1.6 → Cultural Interactions Between Europeans, Native Americans, and Africans

• Hegemony — Domination of one group — Spanish are hegemony
  
• Spanish send missionaries — Mission System — We want Christianity in the Americas! (not the Natives though) — ex. The Pueblo People → They become Christian and also practice their own religion → Pueblo Revolt — they win in the short term, lose long term
  • Bartholemew De Las Casas — he is against all this messed up shit against the Indians — He says that Indians are chill, but throw in the blacks to do the work — Spain understands and is all ears for the new plan!

Basically the Spanish wanted to make everyone Christian, but the Natives already had their own pre-existing views about the whole shabang. They not only have different views about their religion, but also things like how big a family should be (nuclear v. kinship) and they shared and incorporated different things from each other’s cultures. At times the Indians got a lil feisty and rebelled, but like Spanish always shut them out in the end. Finally, Bartholomew says that blacks are actually the animals, and Spain been herding the wrong type of cattle.

2.2 → European Colonization in the Americas (1607 - 1754)

• How did the Spanish get the others to do their work?
  • — Encomienda system → Forced labor from Africa — Conversion(Mission System)
• How did the French do it?
  • They wanted water which would give them access to trade
  • 1st settlement = Quebec — establish trading settlements and marry for kinship ties
  • Fish and Fur trade
• How did the Dutch do it
  • Henry Hudson — 1624 they get New Amsterdam — a trading hub
  • Protestant, but don’t want to convert
• Why did the British do it?
  • We wanted new economic opportunities!
    • Nobles and Peasants
  • Want land
  • They settle as family groups
    

2.3 → The Regions of the BRITISH COLONIES (1607 - 1754)

• Jamestown
  • Joint-Stock exchange — everyone shares on the cost to move in — Everyone dies at first, then they find tobacco —
    • Bacon’s Rebellion — indentured servants then start fighting back, then they are like lets bring in the Africans
• New England Colonies
  • Puritans — didn’t mess with English persecution — didn’t mainly come for religious freedom, mostly for economy
  • Came as family groups — wanted to create family economies
• British West Indies/Southern Atlantic Coast
  • Mainly Africans on this john — planters make crazy SLAVE CODES — they treated as chattel
• Pennsylvania
  • Religious freedom for everyone — founded by William Penn

2.4 → Trans-Atlantic Trade (1607 - 1754)

• How did trade happen across the ocean? — Triangular Trade
  • Middle Passage — Horrible conditions for the Africans — blacks traded for the sugarcane
• Why did this trade happen? — Mercantilism — there’s only so much money in this world
  • Countries want a favorable balance of trade — Navigation Acts, what were they — Ships could only go to certain points and trade at certain areas

Average Slave Ship

2.5 → Interactions Between AMERICAN INDIANS and EUROPEANS (1607 - 1754)

• Spain — Back then they introduced the casta system → which violated the American Indians — Pueblo Revolt
  • Nowadays they get shut down and work under Encomienda
• British — Instead of how spain landed in areas with a lot of people, Britain lands as families with less Indians — as time moves on they keep moving towards Native land
  • Metacom’s War(1675) — also known as King Philip's War — Indians start to kill the English, then the English call their Mohawk boys who help shut them down
• French — Are more chill, and they just establish trading posts and marry with them to create family alliances.

2.6 → Slavery in the BRITISH COLONIES (1607 - 1754)

• Atlantic Slave Trade
• Middle Passage
• How did all this shape society? — Lack of indentured servants(Bacon’s Rebellion) and more demand for good leads to this slavery
  • South — Needs more slaves for plantations
    • Especially in the West Indies
      • HARSH SLAVE LAWS — they are chattel and property that gets passed down
  • North — Still have slaves, but used as like seamans and blacksmiths
    
  • Slave Codes — strict slave laws — leads to SLAVE RESISTANCE — with both covert and overt resistance
    • Covert — practice their own religion, speak their own language
    • Overt — Ex. Stono Rebellion(1739) — THEY DEFY IN DIRECT WAYS

2.7 → Colonial SOCIETY and CULTURE (1607 - 1754)

• THE ENLIGHTENMENT — huge movement at this time
  • John Locke — everyone has natural rights, if the government doesn’t give said natural rights, then the people have the right to overthrow
  • Voltaire, etc. — checks, balances, judicial branch
    • → as these ideas grow people start wondering, “hey what about jesus?” this leads to→
• THE GREAT AWAKENING — movement back towards the lord and savior — massive religious revival
  • Led by the New Light Clergy
    • Also by Jonathan Edwards — he combined religion and enlightenment ideas
    • George Whitfield — He went to like every colony
      
  • This leads to → lasting changes in colonial attitude towards their territory
    • … we started our own small colonial governments …
      
• Impressment — you basically get grabbed to work on a British ship — Americans don’t mess with this idea — mistrust is growing between the colonies and the Brits…
  

3.2 → The FRENCH AND INDIAN War (The Seven Years' War) — (1754-1800)

• What caused this — Ohio River Valley Land and dispute over it
• Not French V. Britain — French AND Indians V. British
  • This is a small war in the bigger fight between the French and British
• George Washington — violated the French in a battle, moves them back
  
• Albany Congress — the Indians ARE invited(but don’t get to talk of course)— for frontier defense, taxation and shit — lays foundation for Rev. Congress
  • Ben Franklin — leads this flop show congress, but it serves as a precedent for the Revolutionary one to come
  • Why did Indians side with anyone? — They thought that if everyone fought, then they’d at least have a chance at survival and not get wiped out.
• Peace of Paris(1763) — French lose
  • PROCLAMATION LINE OF 1763 — Increases colonial hatred, basically the British after the war say, “hey colonists, I know you guys fought and were affected in that war, but like, you can’t move past this line in the Appalachians”
  • Pontiac — He leads rebellions when the colonists try to move into his land after they win their war
    

3.3 → Taxation WITHOUT Representation (1754-1800)

• Navigation Acts — So a while before this time, Britain passed the silly little Navigation Acts — these acts made it so that we should only trade with British merchants and ships — but the silly little colonists never followed it, and Britain never enforced it
  • Salutary Neglect — this lack of enforcement was called Salutary Neglect — now that they need money, daddy Britain starts spanking anyone who trades with other ships — we like this ain’t it
    
• NEW TAXES
  • Quartering Act — Soldiers can sleep in your bed and you HAVE to house them, literally living rent free
  • Sugar Act — Tax on sugar
  • Stamp Act — Tax on stamps
  • Currency Act — We can’t print our own money being across the ocean
    
• → Virtual Representation — Britain takes a cop out and says that the colonists are virtually represented by the brothers back in Parliament in Britain
• Get back
  • Sons and Daughters of Liberty — We start doing some silly little pranks by using things like tar and feathers to bully tax collectors
  • Stamp Act Congress — This is a body created to push back against some taxes, works to some extent
    
• → Townshend Acts
  • We pissed off now — we are getting violated by the Brits
• → Boston Massacre
  • → Boston Tea Party — we dump a shit ton of tea in the water — we get punished by dad 🙁

3.4 → PHILOSOPHICAL Foundations of the American Revolution (1754-1800)

• Even with all the tax laws, we still are loyal subjects and glaze up the Brits
  • First Continental Congress — We want to stay loyal, but come to a agreement with the British — they slap us in the face by saying that we were rebels and didn’t deserve the treatment
    
• Enlightenment
  • John Locke — he chill
    • Two Treatises of Government
    • Natural Rights — being a human everyone has natural rights
    • Self-Rule — basically shits on the monarchy, saying that we should choose who rules
  • Russo
    • Social Contract — we in a contract with the government — if we give them power they got to have our best interests, and if they don’t we can fight
  • Montesquieu
    • Republican Government — Three branches of gov. — judicial, legislative, executive.
      
  • Common Sense(1776) — Thomas Paine
    
    • → SECOND CONTINENTAL CONGRESS
      • Declaration of Independence(1776) — we ready for war now 🙂
        

3.5 → The AMERICAN REVOLUTION (1754-1800)

• They didn’t believe in us, God did! — We weren’t supposed to win
  • Patriots — they are people who fight for our independence
  • Loyalists — DOMESTICALLY these folk still glazed the Brits, giving us two battles to fight.
    
• George Washington
  • Continental Army — the army back then is not the army now, they were a bunch of regional bums that just fought from there area and were trained with YouTube tutorials
  • Any slave who fights is considered free — Washington does this because Britain does, and he doesn’t want to get one upped — helps black men join the cause

• Ben Franklin — went out negotiating with the French to give us help, how do they agree?
  • Battle of Saratoga — turns the tide and the French want to give us help to make the British even weaker
  • Battle of Yorktown — FINAL BATTLE OF THE WAR — we come out on top as the winners, and as our own nation
    
• Paris Peace Treaty(1783) — We are an independent nation, western boundary on the Mississippi River

3.6 → The Influence of REVOLUTIONARY Ideals (1754-1800)

• How does it affect our society?
  • “All Men Are Considered Equal” — TJ lies — will come to bite him in the ass
  • Ladies Association of America — during the war they do crazy shit like cook and kill British soldiers
  • Republican Motherhood — they will teach the kids the republican ideals
    
• How does it affect global society?
  • French Revolution — they revolt just like us, because the highest class had the same vote as them —
  • Haitian Revolution — slaves wake up and kill the masters — Toussaint L’overture
    

3.7 → The ARTICLES of CONFEDERATION (1754-1800)

• First Constitution of the U.S. — the Articles of Confederation (1781)
  • Influenced by state constitutions and governments — gave a ton of power to the states
    • Each state can VETO
    • 9/13 states need to agree to change something
      
  • Northwest Ordinance of 1787 — only good thing to happen under the Articles of Confederation
    • Abolished slavery in the northwest
    • Public education on the up in this area
    • Provided means for west territories to apply for statehood
      
• What tells everyone that these Articles are shit?
  • Shays Rebellion — Farmers are angry, and they begin to rebel — Massachusetts calls the federal government but no one picks up the phone, because there is no president OR national army
  • Puts the fear of god in the government, and sets the stage for change
    

3.8 → The CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION and Debates Over RATIFICATION (1754-1800)

• Constitutional Convention — met up to talk about how shit the Articles were, should we make a new one?
  • James Madison/Alexander Hamilton — say let’s make a new one… two plans →
    • Virginia Plan — representation based on POPULATION — favors the big states
    • New Jersey Plan — representation is equal — favors the small states
      • → GREAT COMPROMISE
        • House of Representatives — Based on population
        • Senate — everyone gets equal say in the Senate
          
    • Are slaves represented?
      • ⅗ compromise — a slave is ⅗ of a person when talking about a vote
        
• FEDERALISTS V. ANTI-FEDERALISTS
  • These two sides emerge over the argument of ratification…
    • Hamilton — writes the federalist papers and publishes to convince the people about the new constitution
    • Anti-Federalists — worried that the states losing their own rights — but they get their own Bill of Rights
      

3.9 → the CONSTITUTION (1754-1800)

• Constitutional Convention — we make the Constitution
  • FEDERALISM — sharing power between STATE and NATIONAL government
    • Some powers given to the federal government others to the state
      • Supremacy Clause — like if we want to go to war and like hawaii ain’t about it they still have to fight
      • 10th amendment — any power not mentioned explicitly in the Constitution is given to the states
        
  • 3 branches

• • • • Made for checks and balances
        • President can veto
          

3.10 → Shaping a NEW REPUBLIC

• George Washington — had departments, and a CABINET
  • Battle of 1794 — Indians lose and surrender all land in Ohio River Valley
• Alexander Hamilton — Secretary of the Treasury
  • National Bank — gave federalism more power — makes this bank under the elastic clause of the Constitution
  • Whiskey Rebellion — Pennsylvania farmers attack soldiers instead of paying taxes
    • George Washington stands on business with the national army — Thomas Jefferson don’t mess with
    • → French Revolution? Do we help?
      • Proclamation of Neutrality
• John Jay — Jay’s Treaty — Britain can’t mess with our ships
• Spain — Pinckney Treaty — AMERICANS CAN USE THE PORT IN NEW ORLEANS
  
• George Washington steps down → John Adams comes in
  • Washington’s Farewell Address
• John Adams is shit
  • XYZ Affairs — we basically get bullied by french diplomats
  • Alien and Sedition Acts — Alien Act = we don’t mess with the foreigners, Sedition acts = You don’t get to talk back to dad(the government in this situation)
    

3.11 → Developing an American Identity! (1754-1800)

• Wives and mothers are so so important — Republican Motherhood
  • Indian women become less important
• Samuel Jennings, John Trumbell — art helps develop our identity
• Poor Richard's Almanac — Ben Franklin wrote this junk with weird aphorisms. “Penny saved is a penny earned”
• Monticello — TJ’s house, shows our architecture
  • Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom — TJ does this for more religious freedom — very American

4.2 → The Rise of POLITICAL PARTIES & the Age of JEFFERSON (1800-1848)

• Hamilton V. Jefferson — big battle at the time
  • Federalists V. Dem. Republicans
• Revolution of 1800 — Federalists give up their power to TJ peacefully
  
• What does Tommy do?
  • Reduces Military
  • Gets rid of Whiskey tax
  • Reduce federal power
    • But… TJ does some federalist junk
      • Napoleon offers the U.S. Louisiana territory for 10 cents on the dollar
      • James Monroe IMMEDIATELY takes the deal — this might sound good but…
        • TJ is a strict constructionist — strict constructionism means that he follows the Constitution WORD FOR WORD, and can’t do anything that’s not in it — doesn’t have the power to buy all this land

→ Lewis and Clark — go to map the territory

• John Marshall — is a supreme court legend — expands federal power a ton
  • Marbury V. Madison — One of the Midnight Judges who didn’t get his job(Marbury) went to Supreme Court
    • → Leads to Supreme Court being able to declare acts as constitutional or no — Judicial Review
  • Mccullough V. Maryland — state bank can’t text the feds bank — national law trumps state law
  • ← But before Marbury V. Madison what was happening
    • Judiciary Act — Created 16 new openings for judges
      • Sleazy John Adams catches wind of this and packs the Supreme Court with Federalist judges — they are known as the “Midnight Judges”
        
• Barbary Pirates — we pay less to the pirates and fold
• War of 1812 — JAMES MADISON —
  • What leads to it
    • We keep getting impressed to fight for Britain and we just DON’T mess with that. We aren’t even British citizens anymore right?
    • Issues on the frontier — Britain gives Indians on the frontier aid, and we say miss we with that
      • → Hartford Convention — Federalists are scared to go to war, and they make a convention to say that we shouldn’t do it — we end up winning and they look silly → FEDERALIST PARTY IS DEAD
        

4.3 → POLITICS and REGIONAL interests (1800-1848)

• War of 1812 — puts regional interests on blast
  • No National Bank during the war showed how much we needed it
  • Shitty infrastructure during the war made it difficult
    
• What is the response?
  • Henry Clay’s AMERICAN SYSTEM

1. Federally funded internal improvements
2. Federal tariffs
3. Second (national) Bank of the United States
   

• More regional interests on blast
  • Slavery!
    • Missouri? — to slave or to not to slave? — there is a balance in Congress with free and slave states, if Missouri enters, then the balance will be cooked
    • Tallmadge Amendment — amendment in Missouri’s statehood that bans slavery after 25 years!
      • SOUTHERNERS DO NOT MESS WITH THIS
    • → MISSOURI COMPROMISE — Henry Clay establishes a boundary for free and slave states, and adds New Jersey as a state
      

4.4 → America on the World Stage (1800-1848)

• Treaty of Ghent — ends the war between U.S. and Britain (War of 1812)
  • We send John Quincy Adams to London to negotiate treaties — we settle territorial disputes in Canada and Oregon
• War of 1817 — Monroe sends Andrew Jackson to defend us from these spanish people in Florida — Adam-Onis Treaty
  
• → MONROE DOCTRINE — Land and business in the West is our business.

4.5 → The MARKET REVOLUTION in America — … Industrialization

• Market Revolution — coordinated industry in the United States — marks transition from Agrarian → Capitalism
  • TRANSPORTATION
    • National Road — connects Maryland to Illonois
    • CANALS — Helps shipping goods over water
      • Ex. Erie Canal — puts canals on the map
    • Steamboat — Increases efficiency of water trade
    • Railroads — make the canals and boats lose clout —
      
  • FACTORIES
    • Interchangeable parts — a set of parts that you can use to assemble something, and then if one thing breaks, you don’t need to throw the whole thing away
    • → Factory System
      
  • FARMING
    • Cotton Gin — helps get cotton
    • Spinning Machine — helps spin cotton
      
  • TYPES OF FARMING
    • Subsistence Farming — farm for food to live — getting irrelevant
    • → Commercial Farming — farm for money to get bread
      

4.6 → The MARKET REVOLUTION'S Effect on SOCIETY (1800-1848)

• Actual Definition of the Market Revolution — “linking of northern industries with western and southern farms which was created by advances in agriculture, industry, and transportation”
• → Migration — Irish and German immigrants
  • Irish — come because of Irish Potato Famine
  • Germans — come just to chill
    • → MORE CHEAP LABOR IN THE NORTH!
• Culture
  • Jews bring their synangoes
    
    • → NATIVISTS — they don’t mess with these immigrants and bleed red, white, and blue
      
• EMERGING MIDDLE CLASS
  • Temperance — lets all put down the bottle and pick up the books
  • Religion — Protestant is the best! Be a Christian, just not Catholic
  • Leisure Money — let's drop money to see a movie, a circus, or a play
    
• WOMEN
  • Cult of Domesticity — women just need to make sandwiches and kids in no particular order
  • Women also work in factories — work crazy hours
    • Lowell Factory Girls
      

4.7 → EXPANDING democracy (1800-1848)

• More people start to get included!
  
• Causes
  • Farmers want franchise –-
  • Panic of 1819
    • Second National Bank is in shambles — unemployment up, inflation up, we are cooked
• Federalists die, so it’s basically only the Democratic Republicans
  • Dem. Republicans — they start to beef a little bit and set up factions in their party — STILL AREN’T NEW PARTIES
    • Democrats — Anti-Federalists — strict constructionists
    • National Republicans — basically Federalists — loose constructionists
      
  • Dem. Republicans send four candidates
    • ANDREW JACKSON WINS — with a little help from Henry Clay — people say it’s rigged like the elections these days — CORRUPT BARGAIN

4.8 → JACKSON and Federal Power (1800-1848)

• Democratic Republicans — biggest party that is getting divided
  
  • →
    • Democrats — less gov. Rule, lower tariffs, don’t mess with the National Bank
    • Whigs — more like Federalists, central gov, National Bank, mess with immigrants
      
      • Mainly debate the role of federal power
        • Tariffs

Ex. Tariff of 1828 — raises prices on imported goods, which is horrible for the Southerners — “Tariff of Abominations” — Doctrine of Nullification — Jackson slaps back with the Force Bill

• • • • • National Bank

Andrew Jackson hates it — he vetos the National Bank calling it a hydra of corruption

• • • • • Internal Improvements

Democrats don’t mess with internal improvements

• • • • • Indians/Native Americans

Indian Removal Act (1830) — Georgia sees Cherokee as house guest on their land — they find gold on the Cherokee Land — Georgia starts to kick them out —

Worcester V. Georgia — Supreme Court rules in favor of the Indians saying that it is federally protected land, so the state cannot kick them out— Treaty of New Echota = all that for nothing because some indians end up making a deal to get themselves kicked out

4.9 → The Development of AMERICAN Culture (1800-1848)

• Enlightenment Thinking → Romanticisms and SECOND GREAT AWAKENING
  • Romanticism — let’s tap into our emotional state
    • Architecture — Capitol Building
    • Sir Walter Scott — more fictional characters, very emotional
    • Webster — publishes a dictionary
    • Hudson River School — paintings that channeled emotion without accuracy and painted landscapes
    • Transcendentalism — let’s mess with nature and become perfect
      • Ralph Waldo Emerson — let’s be individual and self-reliant
      • Henry David Theoreau — walden — can we live
    • Utopian Communities
      • Shakers — MEN AND WOMEN SHOULD NOT MARRY
      • Oneida Community — everyone’s equal

4.10 → the SECOND GREAT AWAKENING (1800-1848)

• What were the causes of the second great awakening? — religious revival of Christians
  • Camp Meetings
  • Market Revolution — if you worked hard, you will get your bread up
    • Preachers say that if you be good, don’t sin, you will go to heaven
  • Democratic and Individualistic Beliefs — Increase participation in the democratic processes
  • Romanticism — emotional > rational thinking
  • Charles Grandison Finney — not very philosophical, moral in nature, he talks like a normal dude
    

4.11 → An Age of REFORM (1800-1848)

• How and why were there various reform movements in this time period? How did they develop and expand?
  • Mormons — Joseph Smith founds it
    • They believe that Church is straying away from their goal, and they need to put it back on track
    • He also believes in polygamy
    • → They migrate to Utah to avoid persecution
  • Temperance Movement
    • American Temperance Society — they direct their efforts on working class men who are alcoholics
      • → Irish and Germans reject this movement, but can’t do anything about it
  • Abolitionism
    • William Lloyd Garrison — THE LIBERATOR — newspaper for anti-slavery
      • American Anti-Slavery Society — what WLG made to want to end slavery
    • Frederick Douglass
  • Women’s Rights
    • They can work in the factories now
      
  • AFRICAN AMERICANS LIVES IN THIS TIME- 4.12 but just thrown here
    • They develop their own culture
      • Names
      • Folk Dance
      • Religion(muslim,
    • Resistance
      • Haitian Rev.(not in america but puts the fear of god in them)
      • Nat Turner’s Rebellion — In Virginia
      • Amistad — slave ship rebellion, the slaves kill like everyone on the ship
        

4.13 → The Southern Society in the Early Republic (1800-1848)

• Majority of white farmers don’t known slaves — Yeoman Farmers are their names
• “Cotton Is King” — our economy can’t afford to get rid of slavery!
  • Plantation owners shiver in their boots when places like Britain abolish slavery
    • → Doesn’t end happening as the slaveholders who own slaves use their ⅗ vote
    • → Hire poor white people
  • White Supremacy — planters 🤝 poor whites
    
  • Ex. John C. Calhoun — Carolina big slave brotha
    • Justifies slavery on moral and economic grounds

5.2 → Manifest DESTINY (1844-1877)

• Westward Expansion
  • ← Louisiana Purchase
  • John O. Sullivan — gave it a Westward Expansion a name — Manifest Destiny
    • We need to use the whole continent
    • God gave us this RIGHT!
  • We needed more minerals
    • Gold Rush(Colorado, Cali)
  • Economic reasons
    • Preemption Acts
  • Religion
    • Mormons 😆— need to avoid persecution
  • James K. Polk
    • Wants to add TEXAS and OREGON

→ MEXICAN-AMERICAN WAR LATER

• • • • Mexico owns Texas at this time
        • Texas declares himself a own state in 1836
      • In the end somehow Texas wins,
      • →
        • James K. Polk wants to annex both TEXAS and OREGON

→ his brotha VP john tyler finishes annexing texas — NOT GOOD WITH THE MEXICANS → wAR

• • • OREGON
      • British and American both want it
        • James K. Polk wants to annex both TEXAS and OREGON
        • We get oregon 49th parallel

5.2 → The MEXICAN-AMERICAN war (1844-1877)

• TEXAS DECLARES INDEPENDENCE IN 1836
  • Texas wants to get annexed — why does nobody want to do it? — leads to WAR with Mexico — Jackson, Van Buren, Harrison, and Tyler don’t do it
  • JAMES K. POLK
    • Annexes Texas completely, finished what Tyler started
    • John Slidell — gets sent to negotiate land, gets ripped apart
      
    • → POLK NOW WANTS WAR (1836)
      • Winfield Scott — big general in the war, you don’t need to know the battles
    • → → WE WIN
      • Treaty of Guadlupe Hidalgo
        • We get a shit ton of land
      • Gadsden Purchase
        • We increase the ton of land, by getting a ton more land
          
  • Wilmot Proviso — lets not use slavery in the new areas — gets shot down — starts getting us a bit concerned about this whole slavery thing — to slave or to not slave for that is the question
    

5.4 → The COMPROMISE of 1850 (1844-1877)

• Positions
  • Southern Position on Slavery
    • They believe that the Missouri Compromise dictates where slavery can and cannot exist.
      
  • Free Soil Movement position on Slavery
    • They believe that any new territory shouldn’t have slavery
      • Some just don’t want black people to move their periods
      • Abolitionists — no slavery at all
        
  • Popular Sovereignty position on slavery — increases the tension
    • The people should be able to decide what happens in their territory

→ California and Mexico enter as free states after the Mexican-American War — South is pissed, threaten to secede — leads to Senate imbalance towards the free-states

• HENRY CLAY — “THE GREAT COMPROMISER”
  • The Mexican cession cuts up Utah and New Mexico and makes it so that they can practice popular sovereignty(they choose whether free or slave state)
  • CALI = FREE STATE
  • Slave Trade banned in Washington D.C.
  • STRICTER fugitive slave law — puts people in a bit of a pickle, if the Northerners who hate slavery so much happen to run upon a slave in the streets, will they actually go out of their way to return them?
    

5.5 → SECTIONAL CONFLICT: Regional Differences (1844-1877)

• Growing conflict, let's look at the regional reasons for this
  
• Immigration Fight
  • a TON of new immigrants settle
    • Cultural Enclaves — ethnic communities where immigrants come and settle
  • → Nativism — white people don’t mess with the other white (Irish and German) people — “Know-Nothing Party” created to hate on these immigrants
    
• Slavery Fight
  • North economy — run by free wage labor — economy growing a lot better — many believe in Free-Soil because they want the whites to keep their jobs
    • Abolitionists — they were a minority in the North — they were very influential —
      • William Lloyd Garrison — the LIBERATOR
      • Uncle Tom’s Cabin — shows how bad slavery really is — people in the North can see the badness of slavery
      • Frederick Douglass — ex slave that talks about how bad slavery is
      • Underground Railroad — made in response to the stricter fugitive slave law
      • John Brown — crackhead — raids Harper Ferry and gets cooked by Robert E. Lee(becomes important later as well) — this guy makes Southerners think that the Northerners want to start a race war
  • South economy — run by slavery — no shit they don’t want to end slavery
    

5.6 → The FAILURE of Compromise Pre-Civil War (1844-1877)

• More Land → More Problems → More Tension
  • Kansas-Nebraska Act — split land into Kansas and Nebraska — they should be able to decide through popular sovereignty — people from Missouri who love slaves jump the border come to vote for Kansas
    • “Bloody Kansas”
  • Dred Scott Decision of 1857 — Dred Scott was taken as a slave, but in free territory — he believes that since he was in a free state, therefore he should be free — he DOES NOT win, — Court rules slavery as property and you can take property wherever you want — I can carry my water bottle, phone and laptop everywhere
  • Whig Party Split
    • Cotton Whigs — slavery
    • Conscience Whigs — anti-slavery
  • Democratic Party — Democrats then are NOT Democrats now
    • Big slave people
  • Republican Party
    • Didn’t want abolition, just reduce to spread at this time
      

5.7 → The ELECTION of 1860 (1844-1877)

• Republicans — Abe Lincoln — honest Abe says he doesn’t even want to get rid of slavery at the time of his presidency
  • Lincoln wins, before he is inaugurated a ton of states just secede
• Northern Dems. — Stephen Douglas, wants new states to do popular sovereignty
• Southern Dems. — wants federal slave code protection
  • → HUGE SECECSIONS
    

5.8 → MILITARY Conflict in the Civil War

• Union — the North —
  • Offensive
  • Draft Riots — the Men do NOT mess with getting drafted for the military. You can buy out of fighting but it is very expensive — middle class men fight
  • Why the Union wins
  • Emancipation Proclamation — FREED ALL ENSLAVED PEOPLE IN THE CONFEDERACY — mainly a military strategy → ton of African-Americans flock to the North
    • NOW THE WAR IS ABOUT ENDING SLAVERY
  • Battle of Vicksburg
• Confederacy — relies on tariffs and taxes
  • Defensive
  • Have military experience but just can’t win
• First Battle of Bull Run — Union starts to win, but the Confederates send Stonewall Jackson — they show their military intelligence and might
  • North — Anaconda Strategy
  • South — rely on Britain and France, use “King Cotton” to try to get their help — they don’t help in the end because they have India and China
    

5.9 → GOVERNMENT Policies During the CIVIL WAR (1844-1877)

• How did Abe’s actions impact American ideals?
  • Emancipation Proclamation — freed the enslaved people in the South(Confederacy)
  • Gettysburg Address — Made to Unify the Nation, preserve our democratic ideals — elite speech
    

5.10 → RECONSTRUCTION (1844-1877)

• How should the Confederates be treated post-war?
  • Lenient — Abe is a lenient guy
    • 10% plan — never gets done because Lincoln gets assassinated
      • If a Southern state wants to return…
        • Has to ratify the 13th amendment
        • Has to pledge 10% of their electoral vote to the Union
          
  • Black Codes start popping up
    • Radical Republicans don’t mess with Lincoln’s predecessor Johnson’s leniency in reconstruction
      • Freedmen's Bureau — Andrew Johnson vetoes — overridden
      • Civil Rights Act of 1866 — Andrew Johnson vetoes — overridden
      • Reconstruction Acts of 1867 — “all laws passed in the South should be enforced”
    • IMPEACHMENT OF ANDREW JOHNSON — ALMOST GETS KICKED OUT BUT SAVED BY ONE VOTE
      
  • Women
    • 15th amendment gives blacks voting rights
      • → National Woman's Suffrage Association — don’t mess with Reconstruction want rights quicker — don’t like the 15th amendment
      • → American Woman's Suffrage Association — mess with Reconstruction — like the 15th amendment
        

5.11 → The FAILURE of RECONSTRUCTION (1844-1877)

• Black People
  • Create HBCU colleges
  • Freedmen's Bureau
    
  • Sharecropping — South still a very good agricultural spot — black people basically slaves by working nearly bound to the land for money
  • White Supremacy
    • Ku Klux Klan — devious white supremacists
    • Black Codes — places a ton of restrictions on black folk
      
  • → END OF RECONSTRUCTION
    • Compromise of 1877
      • Democrats give the Republicans the win — but the North has to get rid of their troops in the South

8.2 → THE COLD WAR (1945-1980)

• Causes:
  • We don’t mess with communism — the Soviet’s do — Capitalism V. Communism
  • The U.S. and Russia were allies in the war but..
    • Stalin goes back on his promise of free elections — creates communist satellite states
    • Fight over Berlin — Soviet wants to keep Germany weak, but the West wants them strong
      
• → Containment (Truman’s Big IDEA)
  • Truman Doctrine — makes this doctrine to help anyone who might get swallowed by the Soviet
  • Marshall Plan — TON of money for countries affected by WW2
  • Meddling in Berlin — Soviet does the Berlin Blockade so we can’t help them
    • → We do the BERLIN AIRLIFT
  • NATO — Military alliance by West against Soviet
    • Soviet hits back with the Warsaw Pact
      
• → Arms Race
  • We have the first nuke — Soviet get it — we make a hydrogen bomb — Soviet get it
    • It’s a race! — if we use them, it is MUTUALLY ASSURED DESTRUCTION
      
• → Proxy Wars
  • Vietnam War
  • Korean War — used to be a Japanese colony — product of containment
    • Soviet — has the North in Korea
    • U.S. — has the South in Korea
      • Soviet North troops push in from the North, we fight back from the South — in the end nothing changes.
        

8.3 → The RED SCARE!

• (2nd) Red Scare — we are extremely scared of communism
  • First found in labor unions —
    • Taft-Hawley Act
    • Federal Employee Loyalty and Security Program — as a worker you have to pinky promise you are not a communist
      
  • UnAmerican House Committee — made to root out communism, mainly in Hollywood
    • Hollywood Ten
      
  • Senator McCarthy — claimed he knew a ton of communists in the state department
    • McCarthyism

8.4 → Economy AFTER 1945 (1945-1980)

• Increased productivity — old factory systems
• Interstate Highway system — connects our good old country (Eisenhower)
• GI bill — for the veterans
• Baby Boom — everyone having a ton of babies in this beautiful time
• Suburbs — for the middle class — Ex. Levittown
• Interstate Highway Act — big for the new highways being built
• Sun Belt — New highways make it so that it is easy to move — now the South and the West is a big powerful
  

8.5 → CULTURE after 1945 (1945-1980)

• Mass Culture — McCarthyism — you want to conform so you aren’t a enemy
  • Television — used to consume mass culture
    • Provides common language and values
  • Advertising — they get more aggressive and advertise to manipulate people to hoard
  • Credit Cards — you can now buy with money that your broke ass will never have
  • Rock N Roll — They thought that it was like EST Gee and Nardo Wick hopped on a track
  • Beatniks — they are some REBELS, devious poets 😂 — call for truthful living don’t mess with the rock and roll
    

8.6 → Civil Rights Movement in the 1940s & 1950s (1945-1980)

• Truman — Executive Order 9981 — allows desegregation of armed forces
  • 24th amendment — ended poll tax
  • Brown V. Board of Education — means that schools are integrated now
    • Little Rock Nine — Eisenhower sends national guard to let these kids in

8.7 → America as a World Power (1945-1980)

• Decolonization — establish self-governance for their colonies
  • Guatemala — Americans get rolled by this socialist leader, and we want to get rid of him because he takes our bananas
  • Cuba — overthrows the American gov. — Fidel Castro takes over, and Eisenhower don’t like this — JFK fails at the Bay of Pigs
    • Cuban Missile Crisis — Cubans mess with the Soviet so the big daddy commies drop their bombs off here.
  • Iran — Iran PM wants to nationalize oil — we don’t like that, let’s install our own Shah
  • Vietnam — Eisenhower gives a billion to South Vietnam
    • Domino Theory (Eisenhower) — if one country falls to commies the others will follow
    • Military-Industrial Complex (Eisenhower) — Military and the Industry are becoming so chummy — so he is worried those who make the weapons will hold the power
      

8.8 → The VIETNAM WAR

• Causes
  • Divided into North and South — Commie and Dem
  • Domino Theory — Eisenhower

1. JFK sends a ton of troops to Vietnam
2. JFK gets killed — Lyndon B. Johnson gets elected
   1. He asks for the Gulf-Tonkin resolution to be passed (Johnson) — so he can do whatever for the safety of our country — may have been fraudulent
3. Johnson wants to escalate one STEP at a TIME
   1. Americans dying in droves — for a WAR that was NEVER declared by Congress
4. Anti-War protests begin back in the States — Johnson begins lying about the United States status in the war
   1. The news snitches — Credibility Gap — Johnson fibs sometimes!
5. Tet Offense — we win slightly, but people say NO more troops
6. Richard Nixon — ends the WAR
   

8.9 → Lydon Johnson’s GREAT SOCIETY

• Great Society — extension of the New Deal of FDR
  • Johnson wants to abolish poverty — he can basically do whatever he wants
    
    • Office of economic prosperity —
    • Medicare — Federal Health for those over 65
    • Medicard — Federal Health insurance for those in poverty
      • → Liberalism on the come up …
  • → Liberal come up
    • Warren Court — Liberal Supreme Court
      • Ex. Engel V. Vitale — we don’t need say prayer before class starts
        

8.10 → The African American CIVIL RIGHTS Movement (1960s) (1945-1980)

• Civil Rights Movement
  • Starts with Brown V. Board of Education and desegregating the troops
    
    • Montgomery Bus Boycott — Rosa Parks
    • MLK — joins the Bus Boycott
      • Civil Disobedience
      • Southern Christian Leadership Conference — his group
        
    • Sit-In Movement — met with mass arrests when they sat at tables they weren’t supposed to — people see this and sympathize
    • March on Washington — MLK gives his speech
      
    • Malcolm X — wants to separate from the Whites, and wants to fight
      • Black Panthers — violent militant group

• MLK assassinated (1968) — race riots and shit is still not equal, even after all the acts
  

8.11 → The Civil Rights Movement EXPANDS (1945-1980)

• Women’s Rights — norms taught that they should stay in the Kitchen
  • The Feminine Mystique — shows that women don’t like to stay in the kitchen
  • NOW(National Organization for Women) — worked to get women equal opportunity and pay
  • Title IX
  • ERA — a whole organization to make a equal rights amendment — preventing discrimination on the basis of sex
    • Doesn’t work

• Sexual Revolution
  • Women want control on their body
    • ROe V. Wade
  • Gay Liberation Movement — Stonewall Inn — leads to protest for gay rights
• Latinos
  • Create United Farm Workers — get more money
    
• Natives
  • American Indian Movement — they take control of Alcatraz → Self-Determination Act
    

8.12 → Youth Culture in the 1960s

• Student Protest
  • Kent-State Massacre — National Guard shoots some college protest
• SDS — Students for a Democratic Society
• Counterculture — let's use drugs and be devious —
  • Hippie — did zaza and get lit
  • Sexual Revolution — let’s all have sex
  • Bob Dylan — a counterculture singer
    • → Ends by the 1970s
      

8.13 → The ENVIRONMENT & NATURAL RESOURCES

• International Resources
  • Oil — our favorite resource
    • Israel is created(we are their ally) — the Muslim nations don’t mess with this and send us expensive oil
      • → Should we move to nuclear energy?
        • Hell no — three mile island and chernobyl
    • OPEC — oil cartel at the time
• International Earth Day — let’s all be kind to the Earth
• Domestic Policy
  • EPA — Environmental Protection Agency — Richard Nixon does this
  • Clean Air Act — was regulated by the EPA
    

8.14 → American Society in Transition (1945-1980)

• Conservatives — Are sad when these liberals are getting more prominent
  • Radical Moves
    • John Faldwell — a religious conservative who is very radical
    • Young Americans for Freedom — Conservative college students
    • John Birch Society — Group who opposed communism and made government conspiracy theories
      • Watergate Scandal — Nixon isn’t looking way too pretty
        
        
  • Less radical moves
    • William F. Buckley — National Review — he was more chill and said goons in John Birch Society were all crazy
    • Religious Right — hate Roe V. Wade
    • Focus on Family — less rights to the gays, more prayers in the schools
    • Affirmative Action — they don’t like this very much