PE revision

the name of bones, muscles and joints is essential for understanding the human body and its movements. Key bones include the femur, tibia, and humerus, while major muscle groups consist of the quadriceps, hamstrings, and biceps. Additionally, recognizing joint types such as hinge, ball-and-socket, and pivot joints aids in grasping how movement occurs. furthermore learn the function of parts of the body, including how bones provide structure and support, muscles facilitate movement through contraction, and joints allow for various types of motion.

bones:

  • cranium

  • scapula

  • clavicle

  • humerus

  • radius

  • ulna

  • ribs

  • carpals

  • metacarpals

  • phelanges

  • pelvis

  • femur

  • patella

  • tibia

  • fibula

  • talus

  • tarsls’s

  • metatarsals

  • phalanges’s

short bones: smallest bones of body, short, fine ,delicate movment.

long bones: longest bones of body, large

flat bones: large smooth bones main function is to protect body

muscles:

  • deltoids

  • rottator cuffs

  • latisimuss dorci

  • biceps

  • triceps

  • abdominal

  • trapizius

  • pectorials

  • gluteals

  • hip flexor

  • quadriseps

  • hamstrings

  • gastronimius

  • tibialis anterior

origin: where a muscle joins a stationary bone

prime mover : muscle that contractsto create the primary movement in a joint, typically responsible for producing a specific action.

insersion: where a muscle joir: muscle responsible for movment

antagonist: muscle that relaxses during movment

antagonist pair: a pair of muscle that work oppositly . for example, biceps- triceps, quadriceps -hamstrings.

joints:

types— immovable, slightly movable, synovial joint

types of sj — hinge, ball-and-socket,

structures

  • cartilage: spongy substance in between bones preventing friction

  • sinovial fluid: lubricates joint and stops friction

  • sinovial membrane: makes the sinovial fluid

  • joint capsule : encapulates the joint keeping everything in

  • tendons : muscle to bone allows movment

  • ligaments: bone to bone and prevents sliding

relate all of this to sports:

Bones: Strong bones provide the necessary structure and support during physical activities and protect vital organs. For instance, athletes rely on the strength of long bones in activities like running or jumping.

Muscles: Efficient muscle function is critical for movement. Knowledge of muscle groups, such as quadriceps and hamstrings, is important for sports like sprinting or cycling, where explosive movement and strength are crucial. Additionally, understanding the roles of prime movers and antagonists helps in designing effective training programs that promote balance and prevent injuries.

Joints: The type and health of joints, such as hinge and ball-and-socket joints, dictate the range of motion athletes have. Joint flexibility can impact performance in sports like gymnastics and basketball. Proper joint care through warming up, stretching, and strengthening exercises supports an athlete's ability to perform movements without injury.

Overall: Applying knowledge of anatomy and physiology enhances sports performance, enables optimal training strategies, and supports recovery and rehabilitation processes. This understanding is essential for optimizing athletic performance and ensuring long-term health in sports activities.

  • Muscle Strength: The strength of muscles directly influences an athlete's power and endurance, allowing for better performance in various sports. Strength training, focusing on major muscle groups, is crucial for improving performance and reducing the risk of injury. Additionally, incorporating functional movements that mimic the demands of specific sports can further enhance muscle coordination and overall athletic efficiency.

movments

  • abduction: tacking limbs away from the body

  • adduction: bringing limbs closer to the body, which is essential for movements such as sprinting and jumping.

  • rotation: the circular movement of a limb around an axis, which is crucial for activities like throwing and swinging.

  • flection:A movement that decreases the angle between two body parts, typically involving bending a joint. For example, flexion occurs when raising the arm by bending the elbow or when bending the knee during a squat.

  • extension: Extension: A movement that increases the angle between two body parts, typically involving straightening a joint. For example, extension occurs when straightening the arm after flexing it at the elbow or when straightening the leg after bending it at the knee

  • dorci flection: A movement that involves the backward bending of the hand or foot, decreasing the angle at the wrist or ankle. For example, dorsi flexion occurs when lifting the toes toward the shin.

  • plantar flection:A movement that involves the downward bending of the hand or foot, increasing the angle at the wrist or ankle. For example, plantar flexion occurs when pointing the toes away from the shin, such as when standing on tiptoes or pushing off during a jump.

types of contractions

concentric : A type of muscle contraction where the muscle shortens as it generates force, typically occurring during the lifting phase of an exercise. For example, concentric contraction happens when you lift a weight during a bicep curl.

esentric: A type of muscle contraction where the muscle lengthens while generating force, often occurring during the lowering phase of an exercise. For example, eccentric contraction happens when you lower a weight back down after a bicep curl.

Isometric: A type of muscle contraction where the muscle exerts force without changing its length, often occurring when holding a position, such as during a plank or wall sit.

practice questions:

  • Explain the difference between concentric, eccentric, and isometric contractions.

  • Provide examples of exercises that utilize each type of muscle contraction.

  • Discuss the benefits of incorporating all three types of contractions into a workout routine.