GENPHY
1. Scalar and Vector Quantities:
Scalar: A quantity that has only magnitude (e.g., speed, distance, mass).
Vector: A quantity that has both magnitude and direction (e.g., velocity, displacement, force).
2. Position and Displacement:
Position: The location of an object in space.
Displacement: The change in position of an object. It is a vector quantity.
3. Speed and Velocity:
Speed: The rate at which an object covers distance.
Velocity: The rate at which an object changes its position; it has both magnitude and direction.
4. Acceleration:
The rate at which velocity changes over time. It is a vector quantity.
5. Projectile Motion:
A Projectile is an object upon which the only force acting is gravity.
Projectile motion is the combination of two motions; horizontal and vertical motion
Horizontally, velocity is constant (
Vertically, acceleration is constant (a =-g)
The motion of an object projected into the air, subject to the force of gravity.
FREE FALL - refers to an object falling in the earth’s atmosphere. It disregards air resistance and its acceleration is constant
Anatomy of projectile
Range - from start to end
Max height - Highest point to lowest
acceleration = constant along y axis
velocity = constant along x axis
FORCE - any interaction that changes the speed in motion
6. Circular Motion:
Motion in a circular path. It involves concepts like centripetal acceleration and centripetal force.
Uniform circular motion - constant speed
7. Centripetal and Centrifugal Forces:
Centripetal Force: A force that acts on an object moving in a circular path, directed towards the center of the circle.
Centrifugal Force: The apparent outward force experienced by an object in circular motion and the velocity is constantly changing (edges of the circle)
TYPES OF FORCES
COMMON FORCES
Non - contact
Gravity
Magnetic force
Electrostatic force
Weight
Contact
Tension force - pulling force transmitted through a string, cable or rope
Friction force - force exerted by a surface on an object moving on it to oppose the object’s motion; resistance of one object relative to another
types of friction
static - friction acting on stationary objects
kinetic - friction acting on sliding objects
Normal force - reactive force of a surface when acted upon by another force; has a direction perpendicular to the surface; magnitude is usually equal to the amount of perpendicular force acted on the surface
Applied force - push and pull of an object
4 FUNDAMENTAL FORCES
Gravitational force - force of attraction between objects with mass; weakest fundamental force but has infinite range
Electromagnetic force - force of attraction or repulsion due to the electrical charges of particles of objects; with infinite range
Weak Nuclear force - force of interaction between gluons, quarks and antiquarks; responsible for radioactive decay and neutrino interactions; weaker than electromagnetic force but stronger than gravitational force; short range
Strong Nuclear force- force responsible for keeping the nuclei of atoms intact; attractive but can be effectively repulsive in some circumstances; strongest of all fundamental forces but has a short range
8. Newton's Laws of Motion:
First Law (Law of Inertia): An object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an external force.
*Acceleration of an object depend on its net force
*Net force is the the sum of all forces acting on an object
Second Law (Law of Acceleration): The force acting on an object is equal to the mass of that object multiplied by its acceleration.
If an object with mass m is acted upon by a net force Fnet, it will accelerate by an amount of a. Fnet = ma
Third Law (Law of Interaction/Action-Reaction) : For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
9. Conservation of Momentum:
The total momentum of a closed system remains constant if no external forces act on it.
10. Torque:
The rotational equivalent of force, causing an object to rotate around an axis.
11. Angular Displacement and Angular Velocity:
Angular Displacement: The change in angle through which an object rotates.
Angular Velocity: The rate of change of angular displacement.
12. Work and Energy:
Work: The product of force and the distance over which the force is applied.
Energy: The capacity to do work. Forms include kinetic and potential energy.
13. Conservation of Energy:
The total energy of an isolated system remains constant over time.
Applying the Laws of Motion
Free-Body Diagram (FBD) - diagrams used to show the relative magnitude and direction of all forces acting upon an object in a given situation
1. Scalar and Vector Quantities:
Scalar: A quantity that has only magnitude (e.g., speed, distance, mass).
Vector: A quantity that has both magnitude and direction (e.g., velocity, displacement, force).
2. Position and Displacement:
Position: The location of an object in space.
Displacement: The change in position of an object. It is a vector quantity.
3. Speed and Velocity:
Speed: The rate at which an object covers distance.
Velocity: The rate at which an object changes its position; it has both magnitude and direction.
4. Acceleration:
The rate at which velocity changes over time. It is a vector quantity.
5. Projectile Motion:
A Projectile is an object upon which the only force acting is gravity.
Projectile motion is the combination of two motions; horizontal and vertical motion
Horizontally, velocity is constant (
Vertically, acceleration is constant (a =-g)
The motion of an object projected into the air, subject to the force of gravity.
FREE FALL - refers to an object falling in the earth’s atmosphere. It disregards air resistance and its acceleration is constant
Anatomy of projectile
Range - from start to end
Max height - Highest point to lowest
acceleration = constant along y axis
velocity = constant along x axis
FORCE - any interaction that changes the speed in motion
6. Circular Motion:
Motion in a circular path. It involves concepts like centripetal acceleration and centripetal force.
Uniform circular motion - constant speed
7. Centripetal and Centrifugal Forces:
Centripetal Force: A force that acts on an object moving in a circular path, directed towards the center of the circle.
Centrifugal Force: The apparent outward force experienced by an object in circular motion and the velocity is constantly changing (edges of the circle)
TYPES OF FORCES
COMMON FORCES
Non - contact
Gravity
Magnetic force
Electrostatic force
Weight
Contact
Tension force - pulling force transmitted through a string, cable or rope
Friction force - force exerted by a surface on an object moving on it to oppose the object’s motion; resistance of one object relative to another
types of friction
static - friction acting on stationary objects
kinetic - friction acting on sliding objects
Normal force - reactive force of a surface when acted upon by another force; has a direction perpendicular to the surface; magnitude is usually equal to the amount of perpendicular force acted on the surface
Applied force - push and pull of an object
4 FUNDAMENTAL FORCES
Gravitational force - force of attraction between objects with mass; weakest fundamental force but has infinite range
Electromagnetic force - force of attraction or repulsion due to the electrical charges of particles of objects; with infinite range
Weak Nuclear force - force of interaction between gluons, quarks and antiquarks; responsible for radioactive decay and neutrino interactions; weaker than electromagnetic force but stronger than gravitational force; short range
Strong Nuclear force- force responsible for keeping the nuclei of atoms intact; attractive but can be effectively repulsive in some circumstances; strongest of all fundamental forces but has a short range
8. Newton's Laws of Motion:
First Law (Law of Inertia): An object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an external force.
*Acceleration of an object depend on its net force
*Net force is the the sum of all forces acting on an object
Second Law (Law of Acceleration): The force acting on an object is equal to the mass of that object multiplied by its acceleration.
If an object with mass m is acted upon by a net force Fnet, it will accelerate by an amount of a. Fnet = ma
Third Law (Law of Interaction/Action-Reaction) : For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
9. Conservation of Momentum:
The total momentum of a closed system remains constant if no external forces act on it.
10. Torque:
The rotational equivalent of force, causing an object to rotate around an axis.
11. Angular Displacement and Angular Velocity:
Angular Displacement: The change in angle through which an object rotates.
Angular Velocity: The rate of change of angular displacement.
12. Work and Energy:
Work: The product of force and the distance over which the force is applied.
Energy: The capacity to do work. Forms include kinetic and potential energy.
13. Conservation of Energy:
The total energy of an isolated system remains constant over time.
Applying the Laws of Motion
Free-Body Diagram (FBD) - diagrams used to show the relative magnitude and direction of all forces acting upon an object in a given situation
