Classical Conditioning

-Ivan Pavlov with the salivating dogs exp.

Behaviorism- John B. Watson, psychology should be objective science studying behavior with no reflection on mental processes

• a learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired: a response which is at the first elicited. the second stimulus is eventually elicited by the first stimulus alone.

Neutral Stimulus (NS)- irrelevant at first

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)- automatically triggers response

Unconditioned Response (UCR)- automatic natural response

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)- when the NS becomes associates with US

Conditioned Response (CR)- what the CS triggers

Acquisition- when association between NS and a UCS takes place

Higher Order Conditioning- when NS becomes associated with CS

Generalization- tendency to respond to stimuli similar to CS

Discrimination- learned ability to distinguish btwn CS and other stimuli that do not signal an UCS

Extinction- when the UCS does not follow CS, CR begins to decrease, eventually extinction

Spontaneous Recovery- the CR returns at weaker level but if CS the CR extinct again

Habituation- decrease in response to stimulus after repeated presentations

Preparedness- biological predisposition to learn associations such as btwn taste and nausea HAS SURVIVAL VALUE

Garcia Effect- after eating specific item leads to feeling sick leads to avoiding food

Operant Conditioning

-B.F. Skinner, rats with food dispenser

• learning occurs when certain behaviors are either strengthened through rewards or diminished through punishments

Thorndikes Law- behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more lilkelyy and behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

Shaping- OC event where reinforcers guide behavior toward closer approximations of desired behavior

primary response- innately stimulus one that satisfies biological need

Conditional response- stimulus that gains power through association, ex money

Observational Learning

-Albert Bandura; bobo doll experiment

Modeling→Mimicing

• learning that occurs through oberving the behavior of others. form of social learning which takes various forms, based on various processes

• Mirror Neurons in the brain activate during observational learning (Rizzolatti)

Modeling- process of observing and imitating specific behavior

Pro-social Models- demonstrating positive behaviors can have a postive/helpful effect

Anti-social Models- demonstrating negative behaviors may have a negatve, violent or hurtful effect

Instinctive Drift- tendency of learned behavior to gradually revert to biologically predisposed pattern

Latent Learning

• learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is incentive to demonstrate

Cognitive map- mental representation of the layout of the environment

Insight learning- solving problems with sudden insight

Reinforcement/Punishment

positive reinforcement= giving reward to encourage or increase behavior (clapping)

Negative reinforcement= taking away to encourage behavior (snooze button, car beep for seatbelt)

Negative punishment= taking away something to stop a behavior (taking keys or toy)

Positive punishment= giving something to stop behavior (ticket)

Schedules

Fixed Ratio- reinforces response only after specified number of responses (buy one get one)

Variable Ratio- reinforces response after an unpredictable number of responses (fishing, gambling)

Fixed Interval- reinforces response only after specified time elapsed (preparing for exam when draws close)

Variable Interval- reinforces response at unpredictable time intervals, produces steady response (pop quiz)