Unit 7
Motivation: a psychological process that directs and maintains behavior towards a goal.
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Instinct: complex, inherited behavior patterns characteristic of a species that is unlearned
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Drive-reduction theory: the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need
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Primary drive: drives that are innate such as hunger, thirst, and sex
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Secondary drive: drives that are learned through conditioning such as working for money
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Arousal: the level of alertness, wakefulness, an activation caused by activity in the CNS
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Incentive theory: people are motivated by a desire to obtain external incentives
\n \n Extrinsic motivation: doing something because of a promise of a reward or a threat of punishment.
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Hierarchy of Needs: Maslow’s pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active
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Achievement: the drive to succeed, especially when in competition
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Glucose: the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger
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Set point: the point at which an individual’s “weight thermostat” is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight.
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Basil metabolic rate: the body’s resting rate of energy expenditure
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Sexual response cycle: the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson – excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.
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Emotion: a response of the whole organism, involving (1) physiological arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, and (3) conscious experience.
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James-Lange theory: our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli.
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Cannon-Bard theory: an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion.
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Schachter-Singer theory: to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal.
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Catharsis: emotional release. The catharsis hypothesis maintains that “releasing’ aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges.
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Stress: the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging.
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Stressor: anything that brings on the reaction to stress.
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Acute stressor: fleeting, short-term stress.
Chronic stressor: persistent and enduring stress.
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Distress: bad stress such as losing a job, a loved one, divorce, etc.
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Eustress: good stress such as going on a vacation, the holidays, getting married, etc.
Abraham Maslow: created maslow’s hierarchy of needs
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Cannon-Washburn: came up with the stomach contraction theory which states that we know we are hungry when our stomach contracts.
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Paul Ekman: conducted the most extensive research on the facial expressions of basic emotions, said there are 6 basic emotions and a universal “facial language”.
developed the General Adaptation Syndrome.
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Hans Selye: developed the General Adaptation Syndrome.
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Walter Cannon: proposed that the stress response (fast) was a fight-or-flight response marked by the outpouring of epinephrine and norepinephrine from the inner adrenal glands, increasing heart and respiration rates, mobilizing sugar and fat, and dulling pain.
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Kurt Lewin:developed the types of social conflicts: approach-approach, avoidance-avoidance, approach-avoidance, multiple approach-avoidance