OPTION G- URBAN ENVIRONMENTS KEY WORDS

Site	the actual land on which a settlement or an urban area was established
Situation	The location of a place in relation to its surroundings communication links, roads, other settlements, rivers, etc…
Function	The main economic activities that take place in an urban area.
Deprivation	people and groups that experience a lower standard of living than the majority of people living in an urban environment
Informal Housing	Residential areas that have been built illegally by residents.
Informal Sector	People who work in the informal sector do not declare their income and pay no tax on it.
Centripetal	Movement towards an urban area e.g. Rural to Urban Migration, Gentrification.
Centrifugal	Movement away from an urban area e.g. Counter-Urbanisation and Suburbanisation.
Gentrification	A general term for the arrival of wealthier people in an existing urban district, a related increase in rents and property values, and changes in the district’s character and culture.
Deindustrialisation	The process of social and economic change which is due to the reduction in industrial capacity or the activities of a country’s manufacturing and heavy industry.
Urbanisation	An increase in the proportion of people living in towns and cities compared to rural areas.
Counter-Urbanisation	A movement of people away from urban areas to rural areas and smaller settlements.
Albedo	The amount of incoming solar energy reflected back into the atmosphere by the Earth's surface.
Microclimate	The distinctive climate of a small-scale area, such as a garden, park, valley or part of a city.
Urban Heat Island	An urban area where the temperatures are higher than the rural areas surrounding it.
Slum Clearance	The demolition of slums, sometimes accompanied by the rehousing of the inhabitants, to improve living conditions and the environment of an inner city.
Cycle of Deprivation	The persistence of poverty and other forms of socio-economic disadvantage through generations via a sequence of events.
Resilient City Design	a city that has been designed to absorb future shocks and stresses to its social, economic and technical systems and infrastructures so that it can maintain essentially the same functions, structures, systems and identity.
Geopolitical Risk	The risk from a government or an organization in one country influencing an urban area’s policies in another country.
Urban Ecological Footprint	The theoretical measurement of the amount of land and water that an urban population requires to produce the resources it consumes and to absorb its waste under prevailing technology.
Smart City Design	The effective integration of physical, digital and human systems in the built environment to deliver a sustainable, prosperous and inclusive future for its citizens.