Subjects Needing Review

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs- A motivational theory with five levels: basic needs (food, water), safety, love and belonging, esteem, and self-actualization (achieving one’s potential). Lower needs must be met before higher ones.

Reinforcers- Stimuli that encourage behavior. Positive reinforcers add rewards, while negative reinforcers remove unpleasant stimuli to increase behavior.

Conditioning types- Classical conditioning pairs two stimuli to create a response (Pavlov). Operant conditioning uses rewards or punishments to influence behavior (Skinner).

Consciousness- Awareness of thoughts, feelings, and surroundings. It includes conscious (immediate), subconscious (hidden), and unconscious (deep) levels.

Learning Conditions- Factors that affect learning, such as environment, feedback, motivation, and practice. Clear goals and active participation improve learning.

Flooding- A therapy for phobias that exposes individuals to their fears intensely and all at once until anxiety decreases.

Types of Adolescence- Stages of development: early (10-13, puberty), middle (14-17, identity exploration), and late (18-21, independence and future focus).