Unit E: Integumentary System

Day 1

Skin

• Subcutaneous (Hypodermis)

• Melanocyte

• Sudoriferous (Sweat Gland)

• Sebaceous (Oil) Gland

• Pacinian (Nerve Receptors) Corpuscle

• Dermis

• Hair Shaft

• Hair follicle

• Arrector (Erector Muscle0

• Epidermis - 5 layers

Overall 7 Functions of Integumentary System

1. Protection - dehydration, injury, germ invasion

2. Regulation - body temperature (sweat/shiver)

3. Manufacture Vitamin D - (bones / teeth development - calcium/phosphorus metabolism)

4. Supports nerve receptors for sensory - pain/temperature

5. Storage - fat, glucose, water, minerals (salt)

6. Absorption - drugs, chemicals, lotion

7. Screening UV Rays from sunlight

Structure: (Epidermis → Dermis → Hypodermis)

Epidermis Structure and Function

• Outermost Covering

• Made of dead epithelial cells

• Avascular (no blood vessels)

• Keratin protein keeps skin dry, waterproof, and barrier from outside pathogens

• Merkel cells - sensory receptors

• Contain melanocytes make melanin (skin color) important in UV protection

• Langerhans cells - macrophages that fight infections and protect skin

• 5 Layers: Stratum Corneum, Stratum Lucidum, Stratum Granulosum, Stratum Spinosum, Stratum basale

Dermis Structure (True Layer)

• Connective Tissue

• Collagen Tissue bands

• Elastic Fibers

• Numerous blood vessels

• Nerve endings

• Muscles

• Hair Follicles

• Sebaceous (Oil) Glands

• Sidoferous (Sweat) Glands

• Fat (Adipose) Tissue

Function

• Middle Layer

• Makes sweat and oil

• Responds to injury, infection, or allergy (histamine - response to allergy and heparin - blood clotting)

• Allows for senses due to nerve receptor

Subcutaneous Layer Structure and Function

• Superficial Fascia

• Hypodermis

• Loose connective tissue

• Stores ½ of the body’s stored adipose (fat) tissue

• Controlling body temp

• Attaches skin to muscle and bone

• With age, the subcutaneous layer begins to disappear (causing the skin to sag and wrinkle)

Day 2

Overall Functions of the Integumentary

• Protection- dehydration, injury, germ invasion

• Regulation- body temperature (sweat/shiver)

• Manufacture Vitamin D-(bones/teeth development-calcium/phosphorus metabolism)

• Supports nerve receptors for sensory- pain/temperature

• Storage-fat, glucose, water, minerals (salt)

• Absorption- drugs, chemicals, lotion

• Screening UV rays from sunlight

Appendages:

• Hair

• Nails

• Glands

  • Sudoriferous (Sweat) Glands

  • Sebaceous (Oil) Glands

Hair Structure

• Shaft

• Cortex

• Root

• Hair follicle

• Papilla

• Arrector (erector) pili muscle

• Sebaceous (oil) Gland

Hair Functions

What is the function of hair?

• protection, regulation of body temperature, and perspiration

What factors influence hair type and color?

• Shape of hair follicle determines type

• Cortex contains pigments to determine color

What happens to your hair when you are cold? Why?

• From a chill skin will surround hair raising it from the skin's surface

Nail Structure

• Nail body made of keratin

• Nail Body forms over Nail Bed to protect it

• Originate from the nail root or nail Matrix

Nails Functions

What does the condition of a person’s nails tell about their general health?

• One's habits

• Anxiety level

• Other health problems

Sudoriferous(Sweat) Glands of the Integumentary System

• Sweat glands

• Present in large numbers under arms, palms of hands, and soles of feet

Why does sweat smell bad?

• Type of sweat produced in your armpits and groin combines with bacteria found normally on your skin breaking down sweat into acids

Sebaceous (Oil) Glands of the Integumentary System

Where are they located?

• Microscopic glands next to hair follicle

What is their function?

• Make sebum (oil) fluid that lubricates the skin and hair

The skin has a remarkable ability to heal itself.

Day 3

Skin Lesions:

Macule

• Flat area with a noticeable change in color

  • Ex: Freckle, Birthmark, Su Spot

Ulcer

• Deep loss to skin surface into dermis

• Can bleed or scar

  • Example: Decubitus Ulcuer

    • Pressure Ulers / Bed Sore

    • Treatment: Prevention, Avoid infection

      • Prevention: Frequent Turning / Movement

Papule

• Elevated Solid Area

  • Example: Nevi (mole)

Pustule

• Pus filled raised area

  • Example: Pimple, Acne

  • Example: Chicken Pox, Shingles, Insect Bite, Herpes

Burns

1st degree

• Superficial

• Dry

• Red

• Treat: Cold Water or Compress

2nd Degree

• Partial thickness

• Blistered

• Moist

• Red & Pink

• Treat: meds & sterile dressing changes

3rd Degree

• Full thickness

• Eschar (Charring)

• Black, Red, Brown

• Treat: Life threatening

• Risk of

  • Fluid loss

  • Infection

  • Deformity

Acne Vulgaris

• Non Contagious chronic disorder of the sebaceous (oil glands)

• Oil becomes hard and clogs pore openings leading to accumulation of leukocytes and pus

• Treatment: Topical medications or antibiotics if skin infected

• Prevention: Wash face 2 times a day

Athletes Foot

• Cause: Contagious fungal infection on the superficial layer of skin

• Symptoms: Small blister between fingers/toes

• Cracking and scaling

  • Where do you get it: Public locker rooms or showers

  • Treatment: Antifungal creams and powders

Dermatitis / Eczema: How are dermatitis and eczema similar

• SImilarities

  • Inflammation of the skin

  • Cause a rash red, raised, dry

  • Urticaria (hives) - intense itchy wheels or welts, scaly or bumpy vskin

• Different

  • Dermatitis develops from stress or irritant

  • Eczema develops from allergic reactions in 1st year of life

  • Treatment: Topical medications with hydrocortisone

Herpes

• Cause: Viral Contagious

• HSV Type 1: Herpes SImplex: Blisters on mouth

• HSV Type 2: Blisters on genitals

• Spread: Oral contact treated with antiviral (Valtrex / Zovirax) or creams

• Prognosis

  • Active and Remission of symptoms

  • Life Long No Cure

What two bacteria cause Impetigo

• Staphylococcus

• Streptococcus

  • Symptoms: Ruptures vesicles with yellow crusty lesions

• Risk Factors

  • Young Children 2 - 5

  • Daycare Cildren

• Treatment: Antibacterial Creams

• Antibiotic Medications

Psoriasis

• Autoimmune disorder

• Red patches covered with white scales

• Usually occurs on knees, shins, scalp, & elbows

Who is likely to have psoriasis?

• Stress

• Obesity

What is the treatment?

• Humira

• Moisturizers

Ringworm

How is it spread?

• Contagious

• Locker Rooms

• Pool decks

• Pets

What causes ringworm?

• Fungus

What is the medical term?

• Tinea

How is it treated?

• Antifungal drugs (Diflucan)

• Antifungal creams (Lamisil)

Scabies

What is the cause of scabies?

• Tiny burrowing mite

Is it contagious: Highly

How is it treated?

• Scabicide Meds by prescription only

• Deep clean clothes, sheets, etc.

How is it prevented?

• Avoid skin-to-skin contact

Shingles

Cause: Virus similar to Herpes simplex

• Caused by Herpes Zoster

Contagious: Yes when blisters present

Who is most at risk?

• Elderly

• Weakened immune system

• Prevented with Vaccine

Three types of Skin Cancer

• Basal cell carcinoma

• Squamous cell carcinoma

• Malignant melanoma

Basal Cell Carcinoma

• Most common and least malignant

• Full recovery in 90% of patients

• Most common to develop on the face

• Treated with cryosurgery

Squamous Cell Carcimona

• Treated with radiation

• Surgical removal

• Grows more rapidly

• Common on face, head, tops of hands

Malignant Melanoma

• Occurs in the melanocytes

• Metastasize quickly

• Color or size change in wart or mole (dark brown or black)

• Surgical removal and chemotherapy

Warts

What causes warts?

• Virus within the Human Papillomavirus virus (HPV)

Are they contagious?

• Skin-to-skin contact with the virus

• May or many not get a wart-unsure why

• Can come back after heal

Can they be prevented?

• Wash hands

• Good hygiene in locker rooms and bathrooms