Untitled Flashcards Set
Energy: The ability of a living organism to perform work or cause change
Kinetic energy: The energy an object possesses due to its motion
Potential energy: An object's stored energy due to its relative position or internal structure
Entropy: the measure of a system's thermal energy per unit temperature that is unavailable for doing useful work. And a measure of disorder or randomness within a system
Energy coupling: Occurs when the energy produced by one reaction or system is used to drive another reaction or system
Explain the structural difference between ATP and ADP, and how they are coupled.: Energy is stored when ATP is formed and released when it's broken down into ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate) and a phosphate group
Substrate: the substrate is the molecule that the enzyme binds to and alters during a chemical reaction
Active site: a region on an enzyme that binds to a protein or other substance during a reaction
Enzyme:proteins that help speed up chemical reactions in our bodies
Activation energy: the minimum amount of energy required for a chemical reaction to occur
How can noncompetitive inhibition lead to feedback inhibition?: when the end product of a metabolic pathway acts as a non-competitive inhibitor of an enzyme early in the pathway, essentially "turning off" the pathway once enough product has been produced, preventing further synthesis of that product
What role does an enzyme play in modifying the activation energy for a chemical reaction?: significantly lowering the activation energy of a chemical reaction
Diffusion: the process in which a substance moves through a semipermeable membrane or in a solution without any help from transport proteins
concentration gradient: the difference in the concentration of a substance between two areas
Passive transport: transport that does not require energy, down concentration gradient
Active transport: transport that does require energy, against concentration gradient
Facilitated diffusion: the diffusion of solutes through transport proteins in the plasma membrane, a type of passive transport
Osmosis: the process by which water or other solvents move through a semipermeable membrane from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration
Solution: a homogeneous mixture that is made up of a solute dissolved within a solvent
Solute: substance that dissolves in another substance
Solvent: substance (molecule) with the ability to dissolve other substances
Isotonic: having the same concentration of solutes across a semipermeable membrane
Hypotonic: having a lower concentration of solute than another solution (ex. more water than salt)
hypertonic: having a higher concentration of solute (ex. more salt than water)
Exocytosis: Moves large molecules and waste OUT of a cell. It's a type of active transport
Endocytosis: cells bring materials from outside the cell into the cell
Phagocytosis: cells engulf and digest foreign substances, dead cells, or other debris
Receptor-mediated endocytosis(RME): a process that moves molecules into a cell by binding them to cell surface receptors
Explain how water can move down its concentration gradient by
osmosis.: crossing the membrane to the side where it is less concentrated
Explain why oxygen and carbon dioxide are able to pass through the phospholipid bilayer by passive transport: they are small, nonpolar molecules that can easily dissolve within the hydrophobic fatty acid tails of the phospholipids, allowing them to readily move across the membrane without the need for any additional energy input from the cell.
Why are transport proteins needed to move polar substances into and out of cells?: because the hydrophobic lipid bilayer restricts their direct diffusion
Explain the differences among phagocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis, and pinocytosis: Phagocytosis is the taking in of large food particles, while pinocytosis takes in liquid particles
Cytoskeleton: structure that helps cells maintain their shape and internal organization
Microtubules: Hollow tubes that help maintain cell structure and shape, major components of the cytoskeleton
Intermediate filaments: protein strands that provide structure and stability to cells
Microfilaments: support and strengthen cells
Cilia: Many tiny hair-like structures that help move cells and substances
Flagella: antenna like, Help move cells through liquids
What is the function of the nucleus?: the repository of genetic information and as the cell's control center. DNA replication, transcription, and RNA processing
What is the role of Ribosomes?: Turns mRNA into proteins
What are the two locations where ribosomes can be found in a cell?: Attached to the rough ER and free floating in cytoplasm
What are ribosomes composed of (lecture slides)?: ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins
What are the functions of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?: Use ribosomes to synthesize proteins, quality check
What are the functions of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?: Smooth ER is responsible for the synthesis of essential lipids such as phospholipids and cholesterol
Describe the role of the Golgi apparatus.: process and package proteins and lipids, send them where they need to go
Describe the function of lysozymes.: natural defense mechanism against bacteria by breaking down the peptidoglycan layer in bacterial cell walls
What are the major roles of vacuoles?: store nutrients and water
What is the function of mitochondria?: to generate energy for the cell by converting food into adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
What is the function of chloroplasts?: produce energy through photosynthesis and oxygen-release processes
How does the endosymbiotic theory explain the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts?: originated from free-living prokaryotic cells that were engulfed by early eukaryotic cells
What is the likely origin of the endomembrane system?: outer membrane vesicles the endosymbiotic mitochondrion secreted, and got enclosed within infolding’s of the host prokaryote
Section 4.5
What are the major components of the ECM?: collagen (protein), proteoglycans, glycoproteins
What are the major functions of the ECM?: helps cells attach to, and communicate with, nearby cells, and plays an important role in cell growth, cell movement, and other cell functions
What are the major functions of the cell wall?: Provides the cell with structural support, shape, protection, and functions as a selective barrier