Extended Exam 3 Notes
Card 1
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Front: What is the "master gland" that regulates various bodily functions through the hormones it produces?
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Back: The pituitary gland, which is regulated by the hypothalamus.
Card 2
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Front: What are the 2 lobes of the pituitary gland and what do they produce?
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Back:
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Anterior pituitary: This lobe produces growth hormone (GH), prolactin, and tropic hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands, such as ACTH, TSH, FSH, and LH.
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Posterior pituitary: This lobe produces antidiuretic hormone (ADH), which regulates water balance, and oxytocin, which plays a role in childbirth and lactation.
Card 3
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Front: What does growth hormone do?
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Back: Growth hormone (GH), produced by the anterior pituitary, affects all parts of the body, promoting tissue growth in organs and bone growth. After puberty, it promotes tissue replacement and repair.
Card 4
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Front: What are gonadotropins, and what are their specific functions?
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Back: Gonadotropins, produced by the anterior pituitary, are hormones that regulate sexual development and function.
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Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH): Stimulates egg and sperm production.
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Luteinizing hormone (LH): Stimulates the ovaries to produce estrogen and progesterone and the testes to produce testosterone. An LH surge signals ovulation.
Card 5
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Front: What is the primary female sex hormone, where is it produced, and what are its functions?
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Back: Estrogen is the primary female sex hormone. It's secreted throughout the monthly menstrual cycle by the ovaries. Estrogen is essential for the development of female reproductive organs and breasts and plays roles in fat distribution, skeletal growth, ovulation, pregnancy support, and other functions.
Card 6
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Front: What hormone is secreted by the ovaries from ovulation until menses, and what are its functions?
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Back: Progesterone is secreted by the ovaries from ovulation until the onset of menses. It thickens the uterine lining to prepare for implantation and helps maintain pregnancy. It also elevates core body temperature.
Card 7
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Front: What gland secretes thyroid hormone (TH), and what are TH's functions?
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Back: The thyroid gland secretes thyroid hormone (TH) under the control of TSH from the pituitary. TH affects metabolism, growth and development, and body temperature.
Card 8
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Front: What does the parathyroid gland secrete, and what does this hormone regulate?
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Back: The parathyroid gland secretes parathyroid hormone (PTH), which regulates calcium and phosphate levels.
Card 9
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Front: What are the two parts of the adrenal glands, and what hormones does each part secrete?
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Back: The adrenal glands have an outer cortex and an inner medulla.
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Adrenal Cortex: Secretes corticosteroid hormones, including mineralocorticoids (regulate salt balance), glucocorticoids (regulate metabolism), and sex hormones.
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Adrenal Medulla: Secretes epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine in response to stress.
Card 10
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Front: What are the functions of the pancreas in relation to hormones?
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Back: The pancreas is involved in the synthesis, storage, and release of insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin.
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Insulin: Lowers blood glucose.
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Glucagon: Raises blood glucose.
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Somatostatin: Inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion.
Card 11
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Front: What are baroreceptors, and what role do they play in cardiovascular regulation?
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Back: Baroreceptors are sensors in the arteries that detect changes in blood pressure. If blood pressure is low, they signal the sympathetic nervous system to increase cardiac output and induce vasoconstriction, which raises blood pressure.
Card 12
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Front: What is the function of chemoreceptors in cardiovascular regulation?
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Back: Chemoreceptors respond to changes in blood chemistry, such as oxygen and carbon dioxide levels. They provide feedback to the nervous system, which can alter ventilation and induce vasoconstriction to help maintain homeostasis.
Card 13
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Front: What are some examples of circulating factors that contribute to cardiovascular regulation?
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Back: Enzymes, hormones, plasma proteins, and neurotransmitters circulate in the blood and contribute to cardiovascular regulation. Some examples include:
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Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system: Increases blood volume.
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Antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin): Acts as a vasoconstrictor and increases fluid retention.
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Epinephrine and norepinephrine: Stimulate heart rate and increase vessel tension.
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Acetylcholine: Decreases heart rate.
Card 14
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Front: What are the main functions of the gastrointestinal (GI) system?
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Back: The GI system is responsible for digesting food, absorbing nutrients, and forming a barrier against microorganisms.
Card 15
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Front: What are the two main processes involved in the GI system's handling of food?
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Back:
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Digestion: The mechanical and chemical breakdown of food into absorbable components.
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Absorption: The uptake of nutrients from the digested food into the bloodstream.
Card 16
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Front: Where does most nutrient absorption occur?
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Back: The small intestine is the primary site of nutrient absorption. It has a large surface area due to folds, villi, and microvilli, which enhance absorption. [Information about the structure of the small intestine and the role of villi and microvilli in absorption is not included in the provided sources and may need to be verified.]
Card 17
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Front: What is the gold standard treatment for uncomplicated malaria?
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Back: Artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs).
Card 18
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Front: Why is treating uncomplicated malaria more difficult in developing countries?
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Back:
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Limited diagnostic capabilities: A scarcity of laboratories leads to clinical diagnoses, which can be inaccurate.
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Access to ACTs: Limited supply, high cost, and weak public health infrastructure hinder access to these essential medications.
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Drug resistance: The emergence of drug resistance complicates treatment.
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Other barriers: Challenges with using insecticide-treated bed nets (ITNs), indoor residual spraying, and treatment with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) hinder prevention efforts