eoc 2 (copy)

1. suffrage -The right to vote in an election.

2. Us constitution -A document that establishes a system of laws and a plan for the government.

3. Bill of rights-The first ten amendments to the US Constitution.

4. Jarssez-faire -Idea of limited government interference in a country's economy: "Hands off approach to economy.

5. Unalenable -Rights that cannot be taken away.

6. In god we trust The Official motto of the United States; adopted in 1956.

7. Liberty-Freedom from tyranny; the ability to have political rights/freedom

8 populism Common people hold the power to govern a country through participating in the political process.

9. Declaratial of India A document that lists the reasons why the 13 colonies are breaking ties with Britain.

10.Motto -a short sentence of phrase that expresses a guiding behavior for a person or group.

11.1st Amendment-freedom speech

12. 2nd Amendment-The right to be fire arm

13.3rd Amendment-No quatering up soldiers

14.4th Amendment-No illegal searches or seizer

15.5th Amendment-no testifying against yourself

16.6th Amendment-Right of speedy trial

17. 7th Amendment-right to juri trail in civil cases

18.8th Amendment-no cruel or unsual punishment

19.9th Amendment-peoples right not listed in constitution

20.10th Amendment-Grand power to the state

21. Populist party -An agrarian-based political movement aimed at improving conditions for the country's farmers.

22. Dawes act -Divided up tribal lands and gave 160 acres to Native Americans who assimilated.

23. Tenement-Overcrowded, unsanitary dwellings in cities primarily occupied by immigrants.

24. Labor union- Group of workers who join collectively to bargain for better working conditions

25. Assimilation-. The process by which people from one culture become a part of another culture

26. Political machines- An organization linked to a political party that often controlled local government

27. Homesteads act-Gave 160 acres to settlers who lived on western lands for 5 years.

28. Urbanization-The growth of cities, usually by immigration or migration from rural to urban areas.

29. Nativism-An ideology that favors native born-people over immigrants.

30. Trust monopoly-When one person/company has complete control over their whole industry

31 andrwe carnegie-us steel co,vertical integration

32john d rockfeller-standard oil co,horizontal integration

33.william”boss”tweed-tammany hall,poilitical boss/machine

33. NAACP – Civil rights organization aimed to advance justice for African Americans and other minority groups.

34. Referendum – Any proposed law can be put on the ballot and potentially made a law.

35. Bull Moose Party – Theodore Roosevelt’s third party when he ran again in the election of 1912; AKA the Progressive Party.

36. Settlement House – Community centers aimed to assist immigrants to assimilate with English classes and provide child care; founded by Jane Addams.

37. Recall – Voters may remove an elected official from office before his or her term is up.

38. Conservation – The preservation of natural resources and the natural environment.

39. Temperance – Movement aimed to encourage people to stop drinking; notable groups include the Women’s Christian Temperance Union and the Anti-Saloon League.

40. Initiative – Citizens can propose a law to be placed directly on the ballot.

41. Square Deal – Roosevelt’s series of reforms focused on the 3 Cs: conservation, control of corporations, and consumer protection.

42. Muckraker – Investigative journalists that expose social issues in the United States to incite reform.

42. 18th Amendment – Banned the selling, manufacturing, and transportation of alcohol.

43. Pure Food & Drug Act – Required contents of food and drugs to be labeled accurately.

44. 17th Amendment – Required the direct election of senators.

45. Sherman Antitrust Act – Banned monopolistic practices and unfair monopolies.

46. Meat Inspection Act – Established health and sanitation standards in meat packaging factories.

47. 16th Amendment – Gave Congress the power to impose an income tax.

48. Interstate Commerce Act – Created the Interstate Commerce Commission, an organization to oversee railroad prices and practices.

49. 19th Amendment – Guaranteed women’s suffrage.

50. Theodore Roosevelt – Leader of the Rough Riders during the Spanish-American War; Big Stick Policy.

51. Queen Liliuokalani – Last monarch of Hawaii; overthrown in 1893.

52. John Hay – McKinley’s Secretary of State, created the Open Door Policy.

53. Hearst & Pulitzer – Newspaper publishers who used yellow journalism to influence public opinion.

54. Henry Cabot Lodge – Senator and foreign policy leader who opposed the Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations.

55. Woodrow Wilson – Led the U.S. during World War I. He proposed the Fourteen Points for peace.

56. Alfred T. Mahan – Naval officer and historian who argued that strong navies and overseas bases were essential for national power.

57. Alvin York – American war hero in World War I; Medal of Honor recipient.

58. John J. Pershing – Commander of the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) during World War I.

59. William Taft – Promoted Dollar Diplomacy, encouraging American investments in Latin America and Asia

60. Cause: USS Maine explodes
    → Effect: The United States declared war on Spain.

61. Cause: The U.S. wanted faster movement between oceans
    → Effect: Panama Canal

62. Cause: The U.S. wanted equal trade rights in China
    → Effect: Open Door Policy

63. Cause: Chinese nationalists attacked foreigners in China
    → Effect: Boxer Rebellion

64. Cause: Spanish-American War
    → Effect: The U.S. became a world power

65. Cause: Zimmerman Note
    → Effect: American support for entering WWI increased

66. Cause: President Wilson proposed a plan for peace after WWI
    → Effect: 14 Points

67. Cause: More advances and deadly weapons during WWI
    → Effect: Trench Warfare

68. Cause: The U.S. needed more troops for WWI
    → Effect: Selective Service Act

69. Cause: Schenck v. United States
    → Effect: Free speech could be limited during wartime

70. Harlem Renaissance – Celebration of Black culture; poets, musicians, and artists celebrated Black pride.

71. Speakeasies – Secret saloons that developed in the era of Prohibition.

72. Jazz Music – The popular music of the 1920s.

73. TeaPot Dome Scandal – Harding’s Secretary of Interior sold government land in exchange for bribes.

74. Eugenics – The practice of selective breeding to improve genetic composition.

75. Scopes Monkey Trial – A biology teacher was arrested for teaching the theory of evolution in Tennessee; the trial was a clear example of modernism vs. traditionalism.

76. Traditionalism – A belief in preserving older cultural and religious values.

77. Prohibition – Began with the passage of the 18th Amendment; era of alcohol banned in the U.S.

78. Modernism – People went against traditional ideals, promoted technology and new forms of expression.

79. Tin Pan Alley – A district in New York City known for its music publishers and songwriters.

80. Cause: Bolshevik revolution in Russia
    → Effect: Red Scare

81. Cause: Job vacancies left by recruited WWI troops in the north
    → Effect: Great Migration

82. Cause: Mass production, easy credit, and increased advertising
    → Effect: Buying on Credit

83. Cause: Americans want to buy new inventions like the refrigerator, toaster, and vacuum
    → Effect: Consumerism

84. Cause: 19th Amendment
    → Effect: Women gain a new sense of freedom

85. Cause: Transformed the manufacturing process
    → Effect: Assembly Line

86. Cause: Era of Prohibition
    → Effect: Organized Crime

87. Cause: World War I changed the perspective of humanity
    → Effect: “Return to Normalcy”

88. Cause: Red Scare/fear of immigrants and radicals
    → Effect: Sacco and Vanzetti

89. Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)
    → Built dams, provided electricity, and improved economic conditions in the rural South.

90. Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)
    → Gave jobs to young men doing environmental work like planting trees and building parks.

91. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)
    → Regulated the stock market to prevent fraud and future crashes.

92. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)
    → Created a government insurance program to protect savings in banks.

93. Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)
    → Paid farmers to reduce crop production to raise prices and stabilize agriculture.

94. Works Progress Administration (WPA)
    → Created jobs for artists, writers, and laborers to build roads, schools, and public buildings.

95. Social Security Act (SSA)
    → Provided monthly pensions for the elderly, unemployed, and disabled.

96. National Recovery Administration (NRA)
    → Set fair wages, prices, and labor standards to help businesses and workers recover.

96. Island Hopping
    → A U.S. strategy in the Pacific to capture key islands and move closer to Japan.

97. Battle of Midway
    → A key naval battle in the Pacific in 1942. The U.S. defeated Japan and started to push them back.

98. Pearl Harbor
    → A surprise attack by Japan on a U.S. naval base in Hawaii on December 7, 1941. It led the U.S. to enter World War II.

99. Navajo Code Talkers
    → Native American soldiers who used the Navajo language to create secret codes the enemy couldn’t break.

100. Appeasement
     → Giving in to an aggressor to avoid conflict. European leaders tried this with Hitler, but it didn’t stop the war.

101. Flying Tigers
     → A group of American pilots who helped China fight Japan before the U.S. officially entered WWII.

102. D-Day
     → The day Allied troops invaded France on June 6, 1944, to fight Nazi Germany. It was a major turning point in the war.

103. Holocaust
     → The mass killing of 6 million Jews and others by Nazi Germany during WWII.

104. Tuskegee Airmen
     → A group of African American pilots who fought in WWII. They proved that Black soldiers were just as skilled and brave.

105. Iron Curtain
     → A dividing line between free Europe and communist-controlled Eastern Europe.

106. Berlin Airlift
     → A U.S. and Allied operation to fly food and supplies into West Berlin.

107. NATO
     → A military alliance of the U.S. and Western countries formed in 1949.

108. Warsaw Pact
     → The Soviet Union’s response to NATO—an alliance of communist countries.

109. Marshall Plan
     → Gave U.S. aid to European countries to help rebuild after WWII and stop communism.

110. Truman Doctrine
     → U.S. promise to help countries stop the spread of communism.

111. Arms Race → A competition between the U.S. and the USSR to build more powerful weapons.

112. Communism → A political system where the government controls the economy and the means of production, often associated with totalitarian regimes.

113. Space Race → A race to explore space and demonstrate technological superiority.

114. Korean War → A war between North and South Korea that ended in a stalemate (1950-1953).

115. Domino Theory → A theory suggesting that if one country becomes communist, neighboring countries may follow suit.

116. United States → The global superpower that opposed the Soviet Union during the Cold War and led the capitalist bloc.

117. China → A country in East Asia that became communist in 1949, which worried the United States.

118. United Nations → The international organization established after WWII to promote peace and cooperation among countries.

119. Democracy → A system of government where the people choose their leaders through voting and have individual freedoms.

120. Soviet Union → The world power that led the communist bloc during the Cold War and opposed the United States.

121. Great Society → President Lyndon B. Johnson’s programs to fight poverty and racial injustice.

122. New Frontier → JFK’s domestic programs that focused on economic and educational improvements and space exploration.

123. Vietnam War → A long and unpopular war in Southeast Asia where the U.S. tried to stop the spread of communism.

124. Gulf of Tonkin → Gave President Johnson the power to send U.S. troops to fight in Vietnam without a declaration of war.

125. Draft → The system used to select soldiers to serve in the Vietnam War, which led to widespread protests.

126. Peace Corps → A U.S. program that sent volunteers to help poor countries with education, health care, and other issues.

127. Lyndon B. Johnson → The president who created the “Great Society” programs and took office after JFK’s assassination.

128. Medicare → A government health care program for elderly Americans.

129. Tet Offensive → A surprise attack by North Vietnam that made many Americans question the Vietnam War.

130. John F. Kennedy → President who started the “New Frontier” to improve the economy, education, and explore space.

131. Rosa Parks → Refused to give up her seat on a bus, starting the Montgomery Bus Boycott.

132. Martin Luther King Jr. → A civil rights leader who believed in peaceful protest and gave the “I Have a Dream” speech.

133. Civil Rights Act of 1964 → Outlawed segregation in public places and banned job discrimination.

134. Brown v. Board of Education → A Supreme Court case that ruled segregation in public schools was unconstitutional.

135. Voting Rights Act of 1965 → Banned literacy tests and other methods that kept Black Americans from voting.

136. March on Washington → A peaceful protest in 1963 where over 250,000 people demanded civil rights.

137. Nonviolent Protest → The method used by civil rights leaders to peacefully fight injustice.

138. Little Rock Nine → African American students who integrated a high school in Arkansas with federal protection.

139. Sit-ins → Used by students to protest segregated lunch counters in the South.

140. Montgomery Bus Boycott → Ended segregation on buses in Alabama after over a year of protest.

141. Vietnam War → A conflict in which the U.S. fought to prevent the spread of communism in Southeast Asia, ending in 1975 with the fall of Saigon.

142. Watergate Scandal → A major political scandal during Nixon’s presidency involving a break-in and cover-up at the Democratic National Committee headquarters.

143. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) → Created during Nixon’s presidency to regulate pollutants and protect the environment.

144. Detente → Nixon’s policy aimed at easing tensions between the U.S. and the Soviet Union, particularly in terms of nuclear weapons.

145. China → The U.S. opened diplomatic relations with China in 1972, marking a significant shift in Cold War diplomacy.

146. Southern Strategy → Nixon’s plan to gain support from Southern white voters by appealing to racial tensions.

147. Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) → An international organization that coordinated the petroleum policies of its member countries, including an oil embargo during the 1973 Yom Kippur War.

148. New Federalism → Nixon’s plan to turn some federal programs over to state control, reducing the federal government’s role in domestic affairs.

149. Camp David Accords → A peace agreement brokered by President Jimmy Carter in 1978 between Egypt and Israel.

150. Cause: Nixon’s invasion of Cambodia and the resulting protests on college campuses
     Effect: Kent State Massacre

151. Cause: The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991
     Effect: End of the Cold War

152. Cause: Nixon’s involvement in a break-in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters
     Effect: Watergate Scandal and Nixon resigns

153. Cause: Reagan’s policies of cutting taxes and reducing government regulation
     Effect: Reaganomics

154. Cause: The U.S. government’s continued lies about the Vietnam War and the release of the Pentagon Papers
     Effect: Credibility Gap

155. Cause: The U.S. accepted the Iranian Shah for medical treatment
     Effect: Iranian Hostage Crisis

156. Cause: The desire to ease tensions between the U.S. and the Soviet Union during the Cold War
     Effect: Detente

157. Cause: The election of Ronald Reagan as President
     Effect: New Conservatism

158. Cause: U.S. efforts to develop a defense system against nuclear attacks
     Effect: Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)

159. USA PATRIOT Act

• Law passed to increase surveillance and security after 9/11

160. 9/11 Attacks

• Major terrorist attacks on the U.S. on September 11, 2001

161. War on Terror

• Military and political campaign started by George W. Bush to eliminate terrorism

162. North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

• Trade agreement between the U.S., Canada, and Mexico during the Clinton presidency

163. Impeachment of Bill Clinton

• Scandal involving lying under oath led to Clinton’s impeachment by the House

164. Osama bin Laden

• First major terrorist target eliminated under Obama’s presidency in 2011

165. Hurricane Katrina

• Severe natural disaster in 2005 that led to criticism of the federal response

166. Great Recession

• Major economic downturn starting in 2008 that led to job losses and bank failures

167. Affordable Care Act (“Obamacare”)

• Health care reform law passed during Obama’s presidency to expand insurance access

168. American Recovery and Reinvestment Act

• Economic stimulus package under Obama meant to help recovery from the recession