HINES WWII

Nation: Germany

Government: Nazism (fascist)

Main Goals: Establish Aryan supremacy, expand German territory (Lebensraum), destroy communism, eliminate Jews and other perceived enemies (Holocaust), reverse outcome of WWI

Expansion Targets: Europe

Nation: Fascist Italy

Government: Fascism

Main Goals: Restore the Roman Empire, expand Italy’s influence, strengthen the economy through state control

Expansion Targets: North Africa 

Nation: United States

Government: Democracy

Main Goals: Defeat Axis powers, support allies (Lend-Lease Act), strengthen the U.S. economy through the New Deal

Nation: United Kingdom

Government: Democracy

Main Goals: Defeat Nazi Germany, preserve the British Empire, maintain global balance of power

Nation: Soviet Union

Government: Communism

Main Goals: Defeat Nazi Germany, expand Soviet influence, industrialize the USSR, spread communism

Expansion Targets: Eastern Europe

Nation: Japan

Government: Monarchy (with military control)

False god, didn’t really actually do much

Nation: Japan

Government: Military dictatorship

Main Goals: Expand Japan’s empire, defeat Western colonial powers in Asia, secure resources for Japan’s economy

Expansion Targets: China, Southeast Asia, Pacific Islands (Philippines, Indonesia, etc.)

Nation: United States

Government: Democracy

Main Goals: Lead Allied forces in Europe, plan and execute D-Day, defeat Nazi Germany

Nation: United States

Government: Democracy

Main Goals: End WWII (approved atomic bombings), contain Soviet expansion (Truman Doctrine), rebuild Europe (Marshall Plan)

U.S./allied powers attack france, because it is controlled by the germans/nazis

They landed on five beaches in Normandy using boats, planes, and soldiers

The allied powers won, pushing the germans back

• Pearl Harbor

  • Japanese surprise attack the U.S, destroying part of their fleet

• The Philippines

  • General Douglas MacArthur is forced to evacuate U.S troops in another defeat for the U.S, where he states “I shall return”

• Midway

  • “Reverse pearl harbor”, surprise attack on Japan

  • U.S attack Japanese fleet, destroying 4 carriers while losing only one

  • Turning point of the war in favor of the U.S

• Guadalcanal

  • August 1942 to February 1943

  • 7100 U.S casualties vs 3100 Japanese casualties

  • First island taken back from Japanese

  • Tough jungle fighting

  • Japanese forces refuse to surrender and fight bitterly to the last man (Bushido code)

  • Little mercy shown by either side

• The Phillipines revenge arc

  • MacArthur returns (aura)

  • Oct 1944 to Sep 1945

  • 14,00 KIA and 48,00 WIA for U.S

  • 336,00 KIA for Japan

  • Japan uses kamikazes for the first time

• Iwo Jima

  • U.S attacks the island of Iwo Jima to use an airbase to bomb Japan

  • Japanese allow the marines to land untouched\

  • Japanese plan isn’t victory, just to kill as many Americans as possible

  • Japanese garrison wiped out

• American commanders decide to “hop” their way to Japan, one island at a time

• Islands which are captured serve as bases and air fields for U.S forces

• Last island on the road to Japan

• Bloodiest battle (50k American casualties, 12k dead, 117k Japanese casualties, 110k dead)

• Many Japanese citizens commit suicide because the Japanese military told them America would torture them there

• Based on Okinawa and island hopping, America believes that an invasion of Japan will be extremely bloody

• President Truman decides to use the atomic bomb on Hiroshima (78k dead) as a way to force Japan into surrender

• When they still refuse to do so, he sends another atomic bomb to Nagasaki (25k dead)

Refers to WWII as good for America overall despite the bloodshed. This is because it allowed for the growth of civil rights, and got America out of the great depression.

Germany, Japan, and Italy

Symbol of feminism because woman joined the workforce, taking on job which were traditionally done by men

Limiting of items that civilians can buy

WWII ends the unemployment of the great depression.

Bombing enemy cities to compromise enemy infrastructure (factories, etc.)

Initially used mostly by the axis powers

• Japanese bomb Shanghai in China

• Germans bomb Warsaw in Poland

• Germans bomb London in Britain

• Germans bomb Stalingrad in USSR

Later in the war, the Allies retaliated

• British bomb Hamburg in Germany

• Brits and America bomb Berlin in Germany

• Brits and America bomb Dresden in Germany

• America bombs Tokyo (bloodiest bombing of the war, even more so than the atomic bombings)

Japanese flying planes directly into their target in suicide attacks

• The Japanese navy was mostly destroyed

• They were also running low on trained pilots and it's much easier to train a pilot if they never have to land

• Pilots are volunteers

• U.S military remains segregated

• Black troops used for manual labor not combat

• Eventually, government made all black fighting units due to pressure from black leaders

• “Victory at home against racism and segregation and victory in the war”

War that targets and mobilizes civilians

Far-right authoritarian ideology. Nationalism, dictatorship, militarism, suppression of opposition. Anti-democratic, state-controlled economy, strict social order. Ex: Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy

• 110,000 Japanese Americans taken to prison camps

• ⅔ of them were citizens, and were given no trial

• Could only take what they could carry

• Appealed to supreme court and lost

• Some young men volunteered to fight in the war regardless

• Churchill, FDR, Stalin meet to discuss the end of the war

• Stalin promises to allow free elections in eastern Europe and not to impose communism

• USSR also promises to join the war against Japan

• FDR dies soon after

The old term for PTSD

Symptoms:

• Psychological: Anxiety, depression, confusion, mood swings, nightmares.

• Physical: Fatigue, shaking, rapid heartbeat, headaches, insomnia.

• Behavioral: Irritability, withdrawal, startle response, trouble following orders

• “Night of the broken glass”

• Anti-semetic riots

• “Caused” by a young Jewish teenager assassinating a Nazi official

  • In reality the Nazi’s orchestrated most of it, and just used the assassination as an excuse to carry it out

• The first time the Nazi’s anti-semitism turns violent

• A big sign for German Jews to flee the country

• “Special action groups”

• They enter towns and execute Jews and communists

• Execute about 1 million people within 6 months

• The Nazi’s didn’t see this as enough, especially because the group’s use of shooting was considered an inefficient way to kill Jews

• More and more of the members started to exhibit signs of PTSD

• Gas chambers and extermination camps

  • Used because of the efficiency at killing Jews

Note: Jews were only one of the targeted groups. The others include:

• Gypsies/Roma

• Homosexual

• Physically or mentally handicapped

• Communists

• Dissenters and political opponents

• “Schutzstaffel"

• Hitler’s bodyguards and protection squads initially

• Organization grew and they became known as the elite

• Responsible for running the concentration camp system and carrying out the holocaust

Largest extermination camp

• Jews no longer German citizens

• Jews can’t hold government positions including military

• Jews and Germans can’t marry or have sexual relations

Top surviving Nazi’s put on trial for their crimes.

Project to develop the atomic bomb