2024 GC UNIT 1 Levels of Organisation
Unit I: Levels of Organization
Cell and organelles: Components such as plasma membrane, mitochondria, Golgi bodies, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, centrioles, nucleus, and ribosomes.
Membrane transport: Transport across the plasma membrane in cells.
Tissue: The organization of cells into tissues, organs, and organisms.
Page 2: Prokaryotic Cell Structure
Components:
Cytoplasm: Gel-like substance within the cell.
Nucleoid: Area where the cell's DNA is located in prokaryotes.
Capsule: Protective outer layer.
Cell Wall: Provides structure and support.
Cytoplasmic Membrane: Semi-permeable barrier around the cell.
Ribosomes: Sites of protein synthesis.
Flagella: Tail-like structures for movement.
Page 3: Animal Cell Structure
Key components include:
Lysosomes: Break down waste material.
Ribosomes: Synthesize proteins.
Centrioles: Involved in cell division.
Cilia and Flagella: Aid in cell movement.
Nuclear components: Nuclear pore, nucleolus, nucleoplasm, nuclear envelope.
Page 4: Generalized Plant Cell
Structure includes:
Nuclear envelope, nucleolus, chromatin (DNA), and various organelles like chloroplasts and central vacuole.
Average size: Prokaryotes are 10 times smaller than eukaryotic cells.
Page 5: Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy: Study of internal and external structures and their relationships.
Physiology: Study of the functions of these structures.
Page 6: Levels of Biological Organization
Tissue > Organ > Cell > Organelle > Macromolecule > Molecule > Organism > Atom.
Page 7: Types of Neurons
Various neuron types include:
Multipolar, biploar, and unipolar neurons, motor neurons, and sensory neurons.
Different structures such as dendrites, axons, indicating diversity in function.
Page 8: Cell Organelles in Detail
Animal Cell:
Key organelles include
Mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, nucleus, ribosomes, smooth and rough ER, lysosomes, and peroxisomes.
Page 9: Animal Cell Types
Common cell types include:
Epithelial, Skeletal Muscle, Ovum, Sperm, Neuron, etc.
Page 10: Typical Animal Cell Structure
Includes Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, nucleus, mitochondria among others.
Page 11: Lysosomes
Characteristics:
Found in liver, kidneys, neurons.
Size: 0.2-0.5 micron in diameter.
Contains various enzymes for digestion.
Page 12: Functions of Lysosomes
Major functions include:
Digestion of extracellular and intracellular materials.
Apoptosis (programmed cell death) and autophagy.
Page 13: Cytosol
Composition:
Contains water, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, hormones.
Functions: Metabolism, growth, reproduction.
Page 14: Mitochondria
Structure includes:
Outer and inner membranes, DNA, ATP synthesis mechanisms, and metabolic functions.
Page 15: Evolution of Mitochondria
Hypothesized origin from ancestral prokaryotes through endosymbiotic events.
Page 16: Nucleus
Morphological characteristics:
Mononucleate, diverse shapes and variances in size (10% of cell volume).
Page 17:
Reference to numbers related to preceding diagrams or sections.
Page 18: Cell Division and Life Processes
Assignment details: 800-word report on cell division regarding life processes and disease.
Page 19: Nucleus Ultrastructure
Includes nuclear pores, chromatin types, and overall nuclear architecture.
Page 20: Chromatin Structure
Key functions include:
Containing genetic material, facilitating RNA synthesis, involved in cell division.
Page 21: Euchromatin vs Heterochromatin
Euchromatin: Loosely packed, transcriptionally active.
Heterochromatin: Tightly packed, transcriptionally inactive.
Page 22: Chemical Elements and Bases
Elements crucial for life include carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, etc.
Page 23: Purines and Pyrimidines
Types of nitrogenous bases in nucleic acids:
Purines: Adenine, Guanine
Pyrimidines: Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil
Page 24: DNA Structure
Overview of the double helix structure, nucleotides, and base pairing.
Page 25: Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Types:
Rough ER: Involved in protein synthesis.
Smooth ER: Involved in lipid synthesis.
Page 26: Common Functions of ER
Rough ER: Protein synthesis, foldings.
Smooth ER: Lipid synthesis and storage.
Page 27: Plasma Membrane
Composition: Phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins.
Functions outlined using the fluid mosaic model.
Page 28: Protein Synthesis Process
Steps from transcription in the nucleus to translation in the cytoplasm.
Page 29: Golgi Complex
Functions as the packaging and transport center of the cell, involved in secretion.
Page 30: Functions of the Golgi Apparatus
Major roles in glycosylation, protein synthesis, sorting, and transport.
Page 31: Centrioles
Cylindrical organelles vital for cell division, organizing microtubule formation.
Page 32: Microtubule Structure
Structural composition and functions in cellular support and transport.
Page 33: Ribosome Types
Classifications into free or membrane-bound ribosomes; differentiation based on S units.
Page 34: Blood Components
Components include red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets with respective functions.
Page 35: tRNA Structure
3D structure crucial for amino acid attachment in protein synthesis.
Page 36: Ribosome Structures and Functions
Overview of structural components (subunits) related to their function in protein synthesis.
Page 37: Cytoskeleton
Functions: Support, transport, and cell division.
Types: Microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments.
Page 38: Intermediate Filaments
Structure and function including mechanical strength and role in cellular connections.
Page 39: Microtubules
Functions include shape determination, facilitating movement, and chromosome separation.
Page 40: Microfilaments
Composition and key roles in shape maintenance, movement, and muscle contractions.
Page 41: Plasma Membrane Functions
Protection, permeability, transport modes, and homeostasis maintenance.
Page 42: G-Protein Coupled Receptors
Mechanism of action of these important signaling molecules in cellular communication.
Page 43: Types of Diffusion
Definitions of osmosis, simple diffusion, and facilitated diffusion with examples.
Page 44: Active Transport Mechanisms
Energy-dependent transport processes, with examples of pumps and their functions.
Page 45: Bulk Transport Mechanisms
Different types of transport processes including endocytosis and exocytosis.
Page 46: Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis
Mechanism and significance in cellular intake of substances.
Page 47: Transport Systems
Defined uniporters, symporters, and antiporters facilitating movement through cell membranes.
Page 48: Membrane Permeability
Differentiation of molecule permeability in relation to membrane thickness and size.
Page 49: DNA Structure Recap
Outlines basic structure and composition of DNA nucleotides.
Page 50: Genetic Code Table
Decodes the RNA sequence into amino acids and understanding protein synthesis.
Page 51: Tissue Definition
Definitions and basic characteristics of tissues in the biological organization.
Page 52: Types of Tissues
Four primary types: epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous.
Page 53: Epithelial Tissue Characteristics
Covers body surfaces, and forms glands, with tight cell connections.
Page 54: Epithelial Tissue Functions
Protective, barrier functions, and roles in secretion and absorption hinted.
Page 55: Epithelial Tissue Classification
Classification based on cell layers and shape (simple vs stratified; squamous, cuboidal, columnar).
Page 56: Specific Types and Locations of Epithelial Cells
Characteristics and functionality in different anatomical locations.
Page 57: Stratified Epithelial Functions
Protects against abrasion in areas such as the esophagus, mouth, and vagina.
Page 58: Surface Features of Epithelial Cells
Functions of microvilli and cilia on epithelial cell surfaces.
Page 59: Cell Connections
Types of cellular junctions: tight junctions, desmosomes, gap junctions.
Page 60: Copyright Note
Copyright statement asserting publication rights for educational uses.
Page 61: Connective Tissues Characteristics
Composed of cells, protein fibers, and ground substances.
Page 62: Functions of Connective Tissue
Varying roles from enclosing organs to providing transport via blood.
Page 63: Glandular Structures
Exocrine and endocrine glands with distinctive secretory pathways.
Page 64: More Gland Types
Various structures outlining gland classification.
Page 65: Body Cavities
Overview anatomy of cranial, thoracic, and abdominopelvic cavities.
Page 66: Membranes of Body Cavities
Membranes lining thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.
Page 67: Anatomical Planes and Directions
Definitions of sagittal, coronal, and transverse planes.
Page 68: Essentials for Life
Overview of life requirements and the importance of homeostasis.
Page 69: Factors Regulated for Homeostasis
Key factors regulated by the body for maintaining stable internal environments.
Page 70: Body Systems and Homeostasis
Overview of various body systems and their contributions to homeostasis.
Page 71: Feedback Mechanisms
Description of negative feedback mechanisms regulating blood sugar levels.
Page 72: Positive Feedback Examples
Positive feedback mechanism in childbirth and hormonal control.