Untitled Flashcards Set

Seventeenth Amendment (p. 595)— Progressive reform passed in 1913 that required U.S. senators to be elected directly by voters; previously, senators were chosen by state legislatures.

• WDIM— helped reflect the need for popular sovereignty in the process and allowed there to be less corruption in the senate as well using the recall primary

settlement house (p. 596)— Late 19^th century movement to offer a broad array of social services in urban immigrant neighborhoods; Chicago’s Hull House was one of hundreds of settlement houses that operated by the early 20^th century.

• WDIM— built  kindergartens and playgrounds for children, established employment bureaus and health clinics, and showed female victims of domestic abuse how to gain legal protection, moved in the neighborhoods themselves to get a in-depth perception of how bad their life of living was so they could also find the best way to improve it, → to idea of “new woman” who found jobs in social services

maternalist reforms (p. 597)— Progressive-era reforms that sought to encourage women’s childbearing and childrearing abilities and to promote their economic independence.

• WDIM— Laws providing for mothers’ pensions (state aid to mothers of young children who lacked male support) spread rapidly after 1910, government should support a woman’s need to bear a child yet still be economically independent,

Muller v. Oregon (p. 597)— 1908 Supreme Court decision that held that state interest in protecting women could override liberty of contract. Louis D. Brandeis, with help from his sister-in-law Josephine Goldmark of the National Consumers League, filed a brief in Muller that used statistics about women’s health to argue for their protection.

• WDIM—  led to creation of law limiting work hours for women bc they are weaker than men, this led to notion that all people should be protected under these work hours and also created compensation for when injured on the job

Pure Food and Drug Act (p. 600)— Passed in 1906, the first law to regulate manufacturing of food and medicines; prohibited dangerous additives and inaccurate labeling.

• WDIM— helped business owners believe that consumers would thoroughly enjoy their products if the product is passed by the act

conservation movement (p. 600)— A progressive reform movement that focused on the preservation and sustainable management of the nation’s natural resources.

• WDIM— created by roosevelt, millions of acres were set aside and national parks were built, served the public good w/o working in congress’ little interests, 

Sixteenth Amendment (p. 601)— Constitutional amendment passed in 1913 that legalized the federal income tax.

• WDIM— enacted a tax towards the wealthy however SC declared it as unconstitutional bc it was a “communistic threat to property”

Progressive Party (p. 601)— Political party created when former president Theodore Roosevelt broke away from the Republican Party to run for president again in 1912. The party supported progressive reforms similar to those of the Democrats but stopped short of seeking to eliminate trusts; also the name of the party backing Robert La Follette for president in 1924.

• WDIM—  democratic welfare state, complete with woman suffrage, federal supervision of corporate enterprise, national labor and health legislation for women and children, an eight-hour day and “living wage” for all workers, and a national system of social insurance covering unemployment, medical care, and old age.

New Freedom (p. 602)— Democrat Woodrow Wilson’s political slogan in the presidential campaign of 1912; Wilson wanted to improve the banking system, lower tariffs, and, by breaking up monopolies, give small businesses freedom to compete.

• WDIM— this led to more economic competition w/o the government interfering 

New Nationalism (p. 602)— Platform of the Progressive Party and slogan of former president Theodore Roosevelt in the presidential campaign of 1912; stressed government activism, including regulation of trusts, conservation, and recall of state court decisions that had nullified progressive programs.

• WDIM— “controlling and directing power of the government” could restore “the liberty of the oppressed.”He called for heavy taxes on personal and corporate fortunes and federal regulation of industries, including railroads, mining, and oil.

Federal Trade Commission (p. 603)— Independent agency created by the Wilson administration that replaced the Bureau of Corporations as an even more powerful tool to combat unfair trade practices and monopolies.

• WDIM— aimed to destroy monopolies and price fixing

Progressivism (p. 577)— Broad-based reform movement, 1900-1917, that sought governmental action in solving problems in many areas of American life, including education, public health, the economy, the environment, labor, transportation, and politics.

• WDIM— prodcued millions more jobs and created an overall more equal environment than before, more women’s rights, weakened power of city bosses, and expanded workers’ rights, however still controversy as America wanted immigrants to abandon old culture, 

muckraking (p. 579)— Writing that exposed corruption and abuses in politics, business, meatpacking, child labor, and more, primarily in the first decade of the 20^th  century; included popular books and magazine articles that spurred public interest in reform.

• WDIM— exposed the impoverished life of America, led to creation of pure food and drug act and the meat inspection act

Ellis Island (p. 579)— Reception center in New York Harbor through which most European immigrants to America were processed from 1892 to 1954.

• WDIM— served a role to show america as a melting pot consisting of all these different cultures, most were japanese or mexican migrants

Fordism (p. 582)— Early twentieth-century term describing the economic system pioneered by Ford Motor Company based on high wages and mass consumption.

• WDIM— adopted the moving assembly line which allowed the creation of cars to go by much quicker, he paid workers high wages to attract skilled workers and made the assembly line even faster making the cars more cheaper

“American standard of living” (p. 583)— The Progressive-era idea that American workers were entitled to a wage high enough to allow them full participation in the nation’s mass consumption economy.

• WDIM— mass consumption was the only way to live american and almost a way to validate it as well, bc of this freedom meant the ability to purchase radios, washing machines, etc

scientific management (p. 584)— Management campaign to improve worker efficiency using measurements like “time and motion” studies to achieve greater productivity; introduced by Frederick Winslow Taylor in 1911.

• WDIM— stated that the best way of the line of production was for workers to only listen to the boss and do exactly what the boss says, workers proceeded to view this as a destruction of freedom, this led to the need of industrial freedom by workers by creating strong unions, this embodied the main principle of democracy

Socialist Party (p. 584)— Political party demanding public ownership of major economic enterprises in the United States as well as reforms like recognition of labor unions and woman suffrage; reached peak of influence in 1912 when presidential candidate Eugene V. Debs received over 900,000 votes.

• WDIM— main supporters were immigrants 

collective bargaining (p. 585)— The process of negotiations between an employer and a group of employees to regulate working conditions.

• WDIM— used ethnic neighborhoods as a way of cohesiveness, in lawrence, MA there was a walk-out that showcased half-starved children of labor forces to invoke sympathy bc state legislature limited the work week which resulted in less wages, 

Industrial Workers of the World (p. 585)— Radical union organized in Chicago in 1905 and nick-named the Wobblies; its opposition to World War I led to its destruction by the federal government under the Espionage Act.

• WDIM—  rejected the AFL’s exclusive policies,  it advocated for worker solidarity across industries, aiming to unite all workers to challenge capitalist exploitation. used random impromptu meetings to showcase their values and this led to many supporters thrown in jails

birth-control movement (p. 590)— An offshoot of the early twentieth-century feminist movement that saw access to birth control and “voluntary motherhood” as essential to women’s freedom. The birth-control movement was led by Margaret Sanger.

• WDIM— freedom for a women meant the ability to also control her own body and whether or not she chose to be a mother, laws banning birth control began to change

Society of American Indians (p. 590)— Organization founded in 1911 that brought together Native American intellectuals of many tribal backgrounds to promote discussion of the plight of Indian peoples.

• WDIM— While the Society of American Indians emphasized equal rights and education, other Native groups aimed to retain or restore land as the basis for Indigenous freedom. held a convention to establish state of sequoyah but US instead created oklahoma, 

initiative (p. 594)— A Progressive-era reform that allowed citizens to propose and vote on laws, bypassing state legislatures.

• WDIM— weakened power of political bosses and transferred that over to the state, oregon used it to win the vote for women but it got out of control when oregon asked for high taxes on the rich and job for the unemployed

referendum (p. 594)— A Progressive-era reform that allowed public policies to be submitted to popular vote.

• WDIM— weakened power of political bosses and transferred that over to the state

recall (p. 594)— A Progressive-era reform that allowed the removal of public officials by popular vote.

• WDIM— weakened power of political bosses and transferred that over to the state, allowed for less corruption within the office

liberal internationalism (p. 612)— Woodrow Wilson’s foreign policy theory, which rested on the idea that economic and political freedom went hand in hand and encouraged American intervention abroad in order to secure these freedoms globally.

• WDIM—  liberal internationalism represented a shift from the nineteenth-century tradition of promoting freedom primarily by example to active intervention to remake the world in the American image, “economic and political progress went hand in hand”

Panama Canal Zone (p. 612)— The small strip of land on either side of the Panama Canal; the Canal Zone was under U.S. control from 1903 to 1979 as a result of Theodore Roosevelt’s assistance in engineering a coup in Colombia that established Panama’s independence.

• WDIM— largest american construction project to date, reduced east coast to west coast transportation by 8000 miles, however in 1977 jimmy carter turned over the control back to panama

Roosevelt Corollary (p. 613)— 1904 announcement by President Theodore Roosevelt, essentially a corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States could intervene militarily to prevent interference from European powers in the Western Hemisphere.

• WDIM— a justification and expansion to MD, used military convention to spread american influence unlike the dollar diplomacy

Dollar Diplomacy (p. 613)— A foreign policy initiative under President William Howard Taft that promoted the spread of American influence through loans and economic investments from American banks.

• WDIM— used this to promote economic investments from the US instead of direct military convention

moral imperialism (p. 613)— The Wilsonian belief that U.S. foreign policy should be guided by morality and should teach other peoples about democracy. Wilson used this belief to both repudiate Dollar Diplomacy and justify frequent military interventions in Latin America.

• WDIM— produced more military convention in latin america which is very ironic, “Wilson’s foreign policy underscored a paradox of modern American history: the presidents who spoke the most about freedom were the most likely to intervene in the affairs of other countries.”

Lusitania (p. 617)— British passenger liner sunk by a German U-boat, May 7, 1915, creating a diplomatic crisis and public outrage at the loss of 128 Americans (roughly 10 percent of the total aboard); Germany agreed to pay reparations, and the United States waited two more years to enter World War I.

• WDIM— 

Fourteen Points (p. 618)— President Woodrow Wilson’s 1918 plan for peace after World War I; at the Versailles peace conference, however, he failed to incorporate all of the points into the treaty.

• WDIM— led to the creation of the league of nations and wilson wanted to expand his social moralism to global counterparts, 

Selective Service Act (p. 620)— Law passed in 1917 to quickly increase enlistment in the army for the U.S. entry into World War I; required men to register with the draft.

• WDIM— led to federal agencies regulating industry, transportation, labor, food, etc. → war industries board

War Industries Board (p. 620)— Board run by financier Bernard Baruch that planned production and allocation of war materiel, supervised purchasing, and fixed prices, 1917–1919.

• WDIM— regulated all industries of the war and combined all the major administrations to provide the best materials and environment for american soldiers, ones like the war labor board pushed for 8 hr shifts and better wages, caused working condiitons to dramatically improve and by 1918 the wealthy paid 60% income to taxes, 

Eighteenth Amendment (p. 623)— Prohibition amendment passed in 1919 that made illegal the manufacture, sale, or transportation of alcoholic beverages; repealed in 1933.

• WDIM— created partly because of reasons that many america breweries were owned by german-americans → beer isn’t considered american anymore, law is passed, 

Espionage Act (p. 624)— 1917 law that prohibited spying and interfering with the draft as well as making “false statements” that hurt the war effort.

• WDIM— this coupled with the sedition act was the first time america restricted freedom of speech since alien and sedition acts of 1798

Sedition Act (p. 624)— 1918 law that made it a crime to make spoken or printed statements that criticized the U.S. government or encouraged interference with the war effort.

• WDIM—

eugenics (p. 625)— The study of the alleged mental and physical characteristics of different groups of people aiming to “improve” the quality of the human race through selective breeding.

• WDIM— a way to control the american population and make sure it was fully superior “blood”, sterilized those they thought of as inferior so they wouldn’t pass on these genetics, schools and federal organizations took it as their job to americanize the population

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (p. 632)— Founded in 1910, the civil rights organization that brought lawsuits against discriminatory practices and published The Crisis, a journal edited by African American scholar W. E. B. Du Bois.

• WDIM—

Great Migration (p. 634)— Large-scale migration of southern Blacks during and after World War I to the North, where jobs had become available during the labor shortage of the war years.

• WDIM—

Tulsa massacre (p. 634)— A race riot in 1921—the worst in American history—that occurred in Tulsa, Oklahoma, after a group of Black veterans tried to prevent a lynching. Over 300 African Americans were killed, and 10,000 lost their homes in fires set by white mobs.

• WDIM—

Marcus Garvey (p. 635)— The leading spokesman for Negro Nationalism, which exalted Blackness, Black cultural expression, and Black exclusiveness. He called upon African Americans to liberate themselves from the surrounding white culture and create their own businesses, cultural centers, and newspapers. He was also the founder of the Universal Negro Improvement Association.

• WDIM—

Red Scare of 1919–1920 (p. 636)— Fear among many Americans after World War I of Communists in particular and noncitizens in general, a reaction to the Russian revolution, mail bombs, strikes, and riots.

• WDIM— led to attorney general, palmer, to release a raid of 5000 soldiers into these labor orgs that were organizing the strikes, still didn’t stop the strikes, exposed the civil liberties that were being threatened during this time period and what americans believed they were fighting for during the war

Versailles Treaty (p. 637)— The treaty signed at the Versailles peace conference after World War I, which established President Woodrow Wilson’s vision of an international regulating body, redrew parts of Europe and the Middle East, and assigned economically crippling war reparations to Germany but failed to incorporate all of Wilson’s Fourteen Points.

• WDIM— redrew the map of europe as the ottoman and austria-hungary empires crumbled, some were unified by single language and ethnicities, others were unified countries consisting of multiple diversities from a redrawn map, also made germany responsible for the war and this hurt their ecnomy 

League of Nations (p. 637)— Organization of nations to mediate disputes and avoid war, established after World War I as part of the Treaty of Versailles; President Woodrow Wilson’s “Fourteen Points” speech to Congress in 1918 proposed the formation of the league, which the United States never joined.

• WDIM— But many Americans feared that membership would commit the United States to an open-ended involvement in the affairs of other countries.

Sacco-Vanzetti case (p. 647)— A case held during the 1920s in which two Italian American anarchists were found guilty and executed for a crime in which there was very little evidence linking them to the particular crime.

• WDIM— showed faults in americans judicial system, immigrants thought of the italians as aliens who threatened the “american identity”, while it showed immigrants that their heritage would always be there first thing they were judged by, 

Equal Rights Amendment (p. 651)— An amendment to guarantee equal rights for women, introduced in 1923 but not passed by Congress until 1972; it failed to be ratified by the states.

• WDIM— stuck in the debate of a woman fighting for her rights for work and individuality, or based on motherhood, 

flappers (p. 651)— Young women of the 1920s whose rebellion against prewar standards of femininity included wearing shorter dresses, bobbing their hair, dancing to jazz music, driving cars, smoking cigarettes, and indulging in illegal drinking and gambling.

• WDIM— cultural symbol of sexual behavior, 

Adkins v. Children’s Hospital (p. 652)— 1923 Supreme Court case that reversed Muller v. Oregon, the 1908 case that permitted states to set maximum hours to protect working women; justices ruled in Adkins that women no longer deserve special treatment because they could vote.

• WDIM— entitled women to the same workplace as men

Olmstead v. United States (p. 653)— 1928 Supreme Court decision that allowed the federal government’s use of wiretapping without a warrant to prosecute suspected criminals.

• WDIM— ruled because the court sided with the expansion of federal surveillance power, 

Teapot Dome (p. 654)— Harding administration scandal in which Secretary of the Interior Albert B. Fall profited from secret leasing to private oil companies of government oil reserves at Teapot Dome, Wyoming, and Elk Hills, California.

• WDIM— 

Lost Generation (p. 658)— A group of writers and artists who came of age during World War I. Disillusioned with American values and culture, many moved to Europe during the 1920s.

• WDIM— many appreciated europe's value of freedom compared to america’s, 

American Civil Liberties Union (p. 658)— Organization founded during World War I to protest the suppression of freedom of expression in wartime; played a major role in court cases that achieved judicial recognition of Americans’ civil liberties.

• WDIM— The arrest of antiwar dissenters under the Espionage and Sedition Acts inspired the formation in 1917 of the Civil Liberties Bureau, wanted to bring emphasis to liberties like freedom of speech and new ones like freedom of privacy

Schenck v. United States (p. 658)— 1919 U.S. Supreme Court decision upholding the wartime Espionage and Sedition Acts; in the opinion he wrote for the case, Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes set the now familiar “clear and present danger” standard.

• WDIM— believed that the court could convict speech that was dangerous to the country

fundamentalism (p. 660)— Anti-modernist Protestant movement started in the early 20^th century that proclaimed the literal truth of the Bible; the name came from The Fundamentals, published by conservative leaders.

• WDIM—  fundamentalists launched a campaign to rid Protestant denominations of modernism and to combat the new individual freedoms that seemed to contradict traditional morality, became a popular strain of the 1920’s culture and very contradicting to the party style of the 20’s

Scopes trial (p. 660)— 1925 trial of John Scopes, Tennessee teacher accused of violating state law prohibiting teaching of the theory of evolution; it became a nationally celebrated confrontation between religious fundamentalism and civil liberties.

• WDIM— trial represented the two liberties of the american lifestyle, the traditional vs. the untraditional, evolution was contradictory to the biblical creation of the earth which teaching evolution represented the separation of church vs state, 

illegal alien (p. 662)— A new category established by the Immigration Act of 1924 that referred to immigrants crossing U.S. borders in excess of the new immigration quotas.

• WDIM—  border patrol became a thing, 

Indian Citizenship Act (p. 662)— 1924 act that conferred American citizenship to all non-citizen Indians born within U.S. territorial boundaries.

• WDIM— many rejected this because they believed there were already citizens of a nation that preceded the US (very true)

Harlem Renaissance (p. 666)— African American literary and artistic movement of the 1920s centered in New York City’s Harlem neighborhood; writers Langston Hughes, Jean Toomer, Zora Neale Hurston, and Countee Cullen were among those active in the movement.

• WDIM—  While the Harlem of the white imagination was a place freed from the restraints of mainstream American culture, the real Harlem was a community of widespread poverty, its residents confined to low-wage jobs and, because housing discrimination barred them from other neighborhoods, forced to pay exorbitant rents, the movement moved towards the roots of african culture, ad life of their cultural ghettos, and protests against the constant racism they face, 

Wickersham Commission (p. 668)— Established by Herbert Hoover in 1929, the commission was the first large-scale federal study of the problem of crime.

• WDIM— created to help strengthen the judicial system

Great Depression (p. 668)— Worst economic depression in American history; it was spurred by the stock market crash of 1929 and lasted until World War II.

• WDIM— factors such as european imports from america decreased bc their market recovered after the war, there was a large unequal income distribution, bc of the depression germany couldn’t pay their debts and this hurt the american economy, GDP decreased by a third and the overall working class (almost the entire pop.) suffered bad working conditions, people became homeless and went to rural areas to farm, 

stock market crash (p. 668)— Also known as Black Tuesday, a stock market panic in 1929 that resulted in the loss of more than $10 billion in market value (worth approximately ten times more today); one among many causes of the Great Depression.

• WDIM— did not directly cause the GD, 

Smoot-Hawley Tariff (p. 672)— 1930 act that raised tariffs to an unprecedented level and worsened the Great Depression by raising prices and discouraging foreign trade.

• WDIM—  Raising the already high taxes on imported goods, it inspired similar increases abroad, further reducing international trade.

Reconstruction Finance Corporation (p. 672)— Federal program established in 1932 under President Herbert Hoover to loan money to banks and other institutions to help them avert bankruptcy.

• WDIM—

Sacco-Vanzetti case (p. 647)— A case held during the 1920s in which two Italian American anarchists were found guilty and executed for a crime in which there was very little evidence linking them to the particular crime.

• WDIM— showed faults in americans judicial system, immigrants thought of the italians as aliens who threatened the “american identity”, while it showed immigrants that their heritage would always be there first thing they were judged by, 

Equal Rights Amendment (p. 651)— An amendment to guarantee equal rights for women, introduced in 1923 but not passed by Congress until 1972; it failed to be ratified by the states.

• WDIM— stuck in the debate of a woman fighting for her rights for work and individuality, or based on motherhood, 

flappers (p. 651)— Young women of the 1920s whose rebellion against prewar standards of femininity included wearing shorter dresses, bobbing their hair, dancing to jazz music, driving cars, smoking cigarettes, and indulging in illegal drinking and gambling.

• WDIM— cultural symbol of sexual behavior, 

Adkins v. Children’s Hospital (p. 652)— 1923 Supreme Court case that reversed Muller v. Oregon, the 1908 case that permitted states to set maximum hours to protect working women; justices ruled in Adkins that women no longer deserve special treatment because they could vote.

• WDIM— entitled women to the same workplace as men

Olmstead v. United States (p. 653)— 1928 Supreme Court decision that allowed the federal government’s use of wiretapping without a warrant to prosecute suspected criminals.

• WDIM— ruled because the court sided with the expansion of federal surveillance power, 

Teapot Dome (p. 654)— Harding administration scandal in which Secretary of the Interior Albert B. Fall profited from secret leasing to private oil companies of government oil reserves at Teapot Dome, Wyoming, and Elk Hills, California.

• WDIM— 

Lost Generation (p. 658)— A group of writers and artists who came of age during World War I. Disillusioned with American values and culture, many moved to Europe during the 1920s.

• WDIM— many appreciated europe's value of freedom compared to america’s, 

American Civil Liberties Union (p. 658)— Organization founded during World War I to protest the suppression of freedom of expression in wartime; played a major role in court cases that achieved judicial recognition of Americans’ civil liberties.

• WDIM— The arrest of antiwar dissenters under the Espionage and Sedition Acts inspired the formation in 1917 of the Civil Liberties Bureau, wanted to bring emphasis to liberties like freedom of speech and new ones like freedom of privacy

Schenck v. United States (p. 658)— 1919 U.S. Supreme Court decision upholding the wartime Espionage and Sedition Acts; in the opinion he wrote for the case, Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes set the now familiar “clear and present danger” standard.

• WDIM— believed that the court could convict speech that was dangerous to the country

fundamentalism (p. 660)— Anti-modernist Protestant movement started in the early 20^th century that proclaimed the literal truth of the Bible; the name came from The Fundamentals, published by conservative leaders.

• WDIM—  fundamentalists launched a campaign to rid Protestant denominations of modernism and to combat the new individual freedoms that seemed to contradict traditional morality, became a popular strain of the 1920’s culture and very contradicting to the party style of the 20’s

Scopes trial (p. 660)— 1925 trial of John Scopes, Tennessee teacher accused of violating state law prohibiting teaching of the theory of evolution; it became a nationally celebrated confrontation between religious fundamentalism and civil liberties.

• WDIM— trial represented the two liberties of the american lifestyle, the traditional vs. the untraditional, evolution was contradictory to the biblical creation of the earth which teaching evolution represented the separation of church vs state, 

illegal alien (p. 662)— A new category established by the Immigration Act of 1924 that referred to immigrants crossing U.S. borders in excess of the new immigration quotas.

• WDIM—  border patrol became a thing, 

Indian Citizenship Act (p. 662)— 1924 act that conferred American citizenship to all non-citizen Indians born within U.S. territorial boundaries.

• WDIM— many rejected this because they believed there were already citizens of a nation that preceded the US (very true)

Harlem Renaissance (p. 666)— African American literary and artistic movement of the 1920s centered in New York City’s Harlem neighborhood; writers Langston Hughes, Jean Toomer, Zora Neale Hurston, and Countee Cullen were among those active in the movement.

• WDIM—  While the Harlem of the white imagination was a place freed from the restraints of mainstream American culture, the real Harlem was a community of widespread poverty, its residents confined to low-wage jobs and, because housing discrimination barred them from other neighborhoods, forced to pay exorbitant rents, the movement moved towards the roots of african culture, ad life of their cultural ghettos, and protests against the constant racism they face, 

Wickersham Commission (p. 668)— Established by Herbert Hoover in 1929, the commission was the first large-scale federal study of the problem of crime.

• WDIM— created to help strengthen the judicial system

Great Depression (p. 668)— Worst economic depression in American history; it was spurred by the stock market crash of 1929 and lasted until World War II.

• WDIM— factors such as european imports from america decreased bc their market recovered after the war, there was a large unequal income distribution, bc of the depression germany couldn’t pay their debts and this hurt the american economy, GDP decreased by a third and the overall working class (almost the entire pop.) suffered bad working conditions, people became homeless and went to rural areas to farm, 

stock market crash (p. 668)— Also known as Black Tuesday, a stock market panic in 1929 that resulted in the loss of more than $10 billion in market value (worth approximately ten times more today); one among many causes of the Great Depression.

• WDIM— did not directly cause the GD, 

Smoot-Hawley Tariff (p. 672)— 1930 act that raised tariffs to an unprecedented level and worsened the Great Depression by raising prices and discouraging foreign trade.

• WDIM—  Raising the already high taxes on imported goods, it inspired similar increases abroad, further reducing international trade.

Reconstruction Finance Corporation (p. 672)— Federal program established in 1932 under President Herbert Hoover to loan money to banks and other institutions to help them avert bankruptcy.

• WDIM—