Untitled Flashcards Set

Unit 2 APAAS–

Freedom,Enslavement and Resistance

Vocabulary and People

				CED Topic Vocabulary Term Important Person/People Important Orgs Court Cases/Laws
2.6	Skilled labor Gang system labor Task system labor Wealth disparity Work songs	Gullah people
2.7	Slave Codes Social Mobility Stono Rebellion of 1739 Citizenship Color Line	Dred Scott Justice Roger B Taney		Article 1 Us Constitution Article 4 US Constitution Fugitive Slave Act of 1793 Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 Code Noir Codigo Negro Dred Scott v. Sanford 1857 South Carolina 1740 Slave Code
2.8	Partus Sequitur Ventrem Racial taxonomies Hereditary racial enslavement Phenotype Hypodescent/ One Drop Rule	Elizabeth Key	The Liberator	Elizabeth Key case
2.9	Quilt Making Banjo Drums Rattle Gourds Call and Response Gospel Religious syncretism Negro spirituals Fodet	Frederick Douglass Gullah Geechee peoples
2.10	Black pride Black identity		American Colonization Society
2.11	Asylum Emancipation St. Augustine Fort Mose Stono Rebellion	Francisco Menendez Jemmy		1740 South Carolina Slave Code
2.12	Haitian Revolution 1791-1804 St. Domingue Haiti Plantation Slavery Sugar Trade Louisiana Slave Revolt of 1811 Male Uprising of Muslim slaves 1835	Toussaint L’Overture Jean-Jacques Dessalines Maroons Napoleon Thomas Jefferson		Louisiana Purchase
2.13	Resistance to Enslavement German Coast Uprising/Louisiana Slave Revolt of 1811 Creole Mutiny of 1841 Nat Turner Rebellion	Charles Deslondes Madison Washington Nat Turner Denmark Vesey Maria Stewart Henry Highland Garnet Thomas Jefferson
2.14	Freedmen Women’s suffrage Abolitionism	Maria Stewart Ida B Wells	Mutual Aid Societies	19th Amendment
2.15	Maroon Communities African Diaspora Self-emancipation Autonomous spaces Great Dismal Swamp Palenques Quilombos	Maroons Bayano Queen Nanny
2.16	African Diaspora Capoeira Congada Manumission
2.17	Black Seminoles Second Seminole War 1835-1842 Slave Patrols	Five Nations [Creek, Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, and Seminole]
2.18	Emigrationism Black Nationalism Self Determination Anti-emmigrationist Integration Birthright citizenship	Paul Cuffee Martin R Delany Frederick Douglass	The Liberator	Fugitive Slave Act of 1793 Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 Dred Scott v Sanford 1857
2.19	Radical Resistance Direct Action Moral Suasion	David Walker Henry Highland Garnet John Brown	Cuban Anti-Slavery Society
2.20	Underground Railroad Abolitionist Movement	Harriet Tubman		Fugitive Slave Act of 1793 Fugitive Slave Act of 1850
2.21	Photography Carte-de-visites	Sojourner Truth Frederick Douglass	Union Army
2.22	Enslaved Narratives Sexual Abuse/Violence Fancy trade Infanticide Life of a Slave Girl by Harriet Jacobs, 1861	Margaret Garner Harriet Jacobs		Margaret Garner case
2.23	Contraband	Black Soldiers Paul Laurence Dunbar		Emancipation Proclamation of 1863
2.24	Juneteenth Freedom Days Jubilee Day Emancipation Day	Major-General Gordon Granger		General Order 3 13th Amendment

Important Specific Facts from the CED to MEMORIZE

Slave codes defined chattel slavery as a race-based, inheritable, lifelong condition and included restrictions against freedom of movement, congregation, possessing weapons, and wearing fine fabrics, among other activities. These regulations manifested in slaveholding societies throughout the Americas, including the Code Noir and Código Negro in French and Spanish colonies.
Slave Codes developed in response to African Americans’ resistance to slavery, to institutionalized discrimination, and to legalize the status of servitude of African descended people to include non-citizenship in the US
Dred Scott v. Sandford 1857. Dred Scott’s freedom suit (1857) resulted in the Supreme Court’s decision that African Americans, enslaved and free, were not and could never become citizens of the U.S.
Partus Sequitur Ventrem
- Partus sequitur ventrem, a 17th-century law, defined a child’s legal status based on the status of its mother and held significant consequences for enslaved African Americans
- Partus codified hereditary racial slavery in the U.S. by ensuring that enslaved African American women’s children would inherit their status as property, which invalidated African Americans’ claims to their children
- Partus was designed to prohibit the mixed race children of Black women from inheriting the free status of their father (the custom in English common law).Partus gave male enslavers the right to deny responsibility for the children they fathered with enslaved women (most often through assault) and to commodify enslaved women’s reproductive lives.
In 1656, Elizabeth Key (born of a White father and an enslaved Black mother) became the first Black woman in North America to sue for her freedom and win. Soon after, in 1662, the legal doctrine of partus sequitur ventrem was passed by the General Assembly of Virginia and spread throughout the remaining 13 colonies.
Religious services and churches became sites for community gathering, celebration, mourning, sharing information, and, in the North, political organizing. Religion inspired resistance to slavery in the form of rebellions, such as those led by Nat Turner and Denmark Vesey, and the activism of abolitionists like Maria Stewart, Frederick Douglass, and Henry Highland Garnet.
In 1738, the governor of Spanish Florida established a fortified settlement under the leadership of Francisco Menéndez, an enslaved Senegambian who fought against the English in the Yamasee War and found refuge in St. Augustine. The settlement, called Fort Mose, was the first sanctioned free Black town in what is now the U.S.
The emancipation from slavery offered by Spanish Florida to slaves fleeing the British colonies inspired the Stono Rebellion in South Carolina in 1739. Led by Jemmy, an enslaved man from the Angola region, nearly 100 enslaved African Americans set fire to plantations and marched toward sanctuary in Spanish Florida. After the Stono Rebellion, in 1740, the British province of South Carolina passed a restrictive slave code that prohibited African Americans from organizing, drumming, learning to read, or moving abroad, including to other colonial territories. One month later, British colonial forces invaded Florida, eventually seizing and destroying Fort Mose.
The Haitian Revolution (1791–1804) was the only uprising of enslaved people that resulted in overturning a colonial, slaveholding government. It transformed a European colony (Saint-Domingue) into a Black republic free of slavery (Haiti) and created the second independent nation in the Americas, after the U.S.
- The Haitian Revolution prompted Napoleon to sell many of the French colonies, including the Louisiana Purchase bought by Thomas Jefferson which more than doubled the size of the US and created a controversy about the expansion of slavery into the new territory.
- The Haitian Revolution inspired uprisings in other African diaspora communities, such as the Louisiana Slave Revolt (1811), one of the largest on U.S. soil, and the Malê Uprising of Muslim slaves (1835), one of the largest revolts in Brazil.
Afro-descendants who escaped slavery to establish free communities were known as maroons. Maroon communities emerged throughout the African diaspora, often in remote and hidden environments beyond the purview of enslavers. Some communities lasted for just a few years, while others continued for a full century. Maroon communities consisted of self emancipated people and those born free in the community. In maroon communities, formerly enslaved people created autonomous spaces where African-based languages and cultural practices blended and flourished, even as maroons faced illness, starvation, and the constant threat of capture. African Americans formed maroon communities in areas such as the Great Dismal Swamp (between Virginia and North Carolina) and within Indigenous communities
Resistance often took small forms rather than outright rebellion or escape. Enslaved people continually resisted their enslavement by slowing work, breaking tools, stealing food, or attempting to run away.
Inspired by the Haitian Revolution, Charles Deslondes led up to 500 enslaved people in the largest slave revolt on U.S. soil, known as the German Coast Uprising, or the Louisiana Revolt of 1811. Deslondes organized support across local plantations and maroon communities (including self-emancipated people from Haiti) and led them on a march toward New Orleans. The revolt was violently suppressed.
In 1841, Madison Washington, an enslaved cook, led a mutiny aboard the slave brig, Creole, which transported enslaved people from Virginia to New Orleans. Washington seized the ship and sailed it to the Bahamas, knowing that the British had ended slavery in the West Indian colonies in 1833. As a result, nearly 130 African Americans gained their freedom in the Bahamas.
More enslaved Africans disembarked in Brazil than anywhere else in the Americas. Approximately half of the 10 million Africans who survived the Middle Passage landed in Brazil, where they were forced to labor in various enterprises such as sugar plantations, gold mines, coffee plantations, cattle ranching, and production of food and textiles for domestic consumption.
Some African Americans were enslaved by Indigenous people in the five large nations (Creek, Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Seminole). When Indigenous enslavers were forcibly removed from their lands by the federal government during the Trail of Tears, they brought the Black people they had enslaved. The five large Indigenous American nations (Creek, Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Seminole) adopted slave codes, created slave patrols, and assisted in the recapture of enslaved Black people who fled for freedom.
Emigrationists promoted moving away from the U.S. as the best strategy for African Americans to prosper freely, and evaluated locations in Central and South America, the West Indies, and West Africa. Due to their large populations of people of color, shared histories, and a promising climate, Central and South America were considered the most favorable areas for emigration.African American supporters of emigration and colonization observed the spread of abolition in Latin America and the Caribbean from 1820 to 1860 and advocated building new communities outside the United States. The continuation of slavery and racial discrimination against free Black people in the U.S. raised doubts about peacefully achieving racial equality in the states.
Anti-emigrationists saw abolition as a means to achieve the liberation, representation, and full integration of African Americans in American society. They viewed slavery and racial discrimination as inconsistent with America’s founding charters and believed abolition and racial equality would reflect the nation’s ideals. They saw themselves as having “birthright citizenship.”
Advocates of radical resistance embraced overthrowing slavery through direct action, including revolts and, if necessary, violence to address the daily urgency of living and dying under slavery.
The term Underground Railroad refers to a covert network of Black and White abolitionists who provided transportation, shelter, and other resources to help enslaved people fleeing the South resettle in free territories in the U.S. North, Canada, and Mexico in the 19th century. An estimated 30,000 African Americans reached freedom through the Underground Railroad in this period. Due to the high number of African Americans who fled enslavement, Congress enacted the Fugitive Slave Acts of 1793 and 1850, authorizing local governments to legally kidnap and return escaped refugees to their enslavers.
Harriet Tubman is one of the most well-known conductors of the Underground Railroad. After fleeing enslavement, Tubman returned to the South at least 19 times, leading about 80 enslaved African Americans to freedom. She sang spirituals to alert enslaved people of plans to leave.
In the 19th century, African American leaders embraced photography, a new technology, to counter stereotypes about Black people by portraying themselves as citizens worthy of dignity, respect, and equal rights.
Slave narratives described firsthand accounts of suffering under slavery, methods of escape, and acquiring literacy, with an emphasis on the humanity of enslaved people to advance the political cause of abolition. Narratives by formerly enslaved African American women convey their distinct experiences of constant vulnerability to sexual violence and exploitation.
The 1863 Emancipation Proclamation, a wartime order, declared freedom for enslaved people held in the 11 Confederate states still at war against the Union. After the Civil War, legal enslavement of African Americans continued in the border states and did not end until the ratification of the 13th Amendment in 1865
Juneteenth marks the end of slavery in the last state of rebellion—Texas. It commemorates June 19, 1865, the day that enslaved people in Galveston, Texas, were informed that they were free by Major-General Gordon Granger’s reading of General Order No. 3. This order was the first document to mention racial equality through “an absolute equality of personal rights and rights of property between former masters and slaves.”

EK Chart: the MAIN and BIG ideas of Unit 2

	CED Topic EK Big Idea/s **Note: AAs stands for African Americans
2.6	Enslaved people often performed specialized roles, which enabled the formation of AA musical and linguistic practices and had a massive impact on the development of the economy of the USA
2.7	American laws were developed to impact and limit the lives of African Americans socially, politically, economically, and their citizenship. Slave codes were developed to limit AA participation in society, to curtail their ability to revolt, and to deny citizenship.
2.8	Partus Sequitur Ventrem was established to codify the racial hierarchy of the US, create an avenue for expansion of the enslaved population through mother-related enslavement, and create the idea of racial status for citizenship.
2.9	African American faith traditions emerged, including religious syncretism, that lead to the production of negro spirituals and other music and faith traditions in the US. African Americans often combined African inspired traditions with their own practices in music, art, and self-expression.
2.10	Changing demographics and popular debates about African Americans’ identity influenced the terms they used to identify themselves in the 19th century and beyond
2.11	The asylum offered by Spanish Florida to enslaved people in the 17th and 18th centuries led to the establishment of Fort Mose and the Stono Rebellion as well as other forms of self-emancipation.
2.12	The Haitian Revolution was historically and culturally significant to the development of the US, maroons' communities played a huge role, and it had an inspirational impact on Diasporic communities of the Western Hemisphere and Black political thought.
2.13	There were small daily forms of resistance performed by enslaved people, and connections between enslaved resistance internationally and inside of the US.
2.14	Free Black people in the North and South were strong activists for abolition, including the work of Black Women which was both historically and culturally significant.
2.15	Maroon communities were very important in resistance to enslavement and developed in various locations across the African Diaspora, including in Brazil under the Maroon Wars.
2.16	Enslavement in Brazil was intense due to the large enslaved population that had a massive influence on the development of Brazil.
2.17	The expansion of slavery in the U.S. South impacted relations between Black and Indigenous peoples.
2.18	19th-century emigrationists aimed to achieve the goal of Black freedom and self determination by leaving the US to create autonomous areas of Black Liberation in Latin America and Africa. Transatlantic abolitionism influenced antiemigrationists’ political views about the potential for African Americans belonging in American society with the goal of integration, citizenship, and liberation.
2.19	19th century radical resistance to enslavement strategies promoted Black activism via direct action to demand change
2.20	The Underground Railroad was a massive undertaking in providing freedom-seeking routes for those looking to self emancipate from enslavement inside of the broader context of the Abolitionist movement of which Harriet Tubman is a prime example.
2.21	In the 19th century, African American leaders embraced photography, a new technology, to counter stereotypes about Black people by portraying themselves as citizens worthy of dignity, respect, and equal rights.
2.22	Enslaved women used various methods of resistance against sexual violence and gender had a large impact on enslaved narratives in the 19th century and the larger abolitionist movement
2.23	Enslaved and free African American men and women greatly contributed during the U.S. Civil War, including enlistment in the army and the hope that service gave African AMericans for participation in American society.
2.24	The Emancipation Proclamation only partially freed enslaved Americans, but the 13th AMendment ended enslavement in the US and later freedom for those enslaved in Indian Territories was gained. Juneteenth is the official celebration ending enslavement in the US, which differed in different regions of the country. Juneteenth officially celebrates the ending in Texas.