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A&P Nutrition Study Guide

Nutrition Study Guide

Measurements of Energy

  • The measurement of energy in nutrition is the Calorie, also known as a kilocalorie (kcal).

Organ System and Energy

  • The nervous system, particularly the brain, utilizes the most energy in the body.

Metabolism

  • Metabolism refers to the sum of all chemical reactions occurring within the body.

Types of Metabolism

  • The type of metabolism that breaks down protein is catabolism.

Factors Affecting Metabolic Rate

  • The three key factors influencing metabolic rate are age, sex, and muscle mass.

Hormones and Energy Balance

  • Leptin is a hormone secreted by adipose (fat) tissue, signaling to the brain that the body has sufficient energy reserves.

Macronutrients

  • The five macronutrients are carbohydrates, proteins, fats, water, and fiber.

Primary Energy Source

  • Carbohydrates serve as the body's primary energy source.

Carbohydrate Types

  • Complex carbohydrates, such as whole grains, should be consumed more frequently than simple carbohydrates.

Benefits of Fiber

  • Including fiber in the diet provides several benefits:
    • Aids digestion.
    • Promotes satiety (feeling full).
    • Lowers cholesterol levels.
    • Regulates blood sugar levels.

Benefits of Lipids (Fats)

  • Lipids offer the body various benefits:
    • Energy storage.
    • Hormone production.
    • Insulation.
    • Contribution to cell membrane structure.

Unhealthy Fats

  • Trans fats are considered the unhealthiest type of fat.

Fats at Room Temperature

  • Saturated fats are typically solid at room temperature.

Sources of Unsaturated Fats

  • Most unsaturated fats are derived from plant sources, such as nuts, seeds, and olive oil.

Complete Proteins

  • A complete protein is defined by containing all nine essential amino acids.

Sleep Stages

  • The stages of sleep include:
    • NREM (Non-Rapid Eye Movement) sleep, which consists of Stages 1-3.
    • REM (Rapid Eye Movement) sleep.

Metabolism Definition

  • Metabolism encompasses all chemical processes within the body necessary to sustain life.

Kinetic Energy

  • Kinetic energy is defined as the energy of motion.

Potential Energy

  • Potential energy is stored energy based on position or condition.

Complete Protein Examples

  • Complete proteins, containing all nine essential amino acids, are found in sources like meat, eggs, and soy.

Protein Functions

  • Proteins serve multiple functions:
    • Building and repairing tissues.
    • Acting as enzymes.
    • Acting as hormones.
    • Supporting immune function.

MyPlate

  • MyPlate consists of the following components: Fruits, vegetables, grains, protein, and dairy. Half of the plate should be filled with fruits and vegetables.

Sleep Percentages

  • NREM Sleep:
    • Represents approximately 80% of adult sleep.
  • Sleep Stages:
    • Stage 1 Lightest sleep.
    • Stage 2 Relaxation deepens, begins to experience sounds.
    • Stage 3 Deep sleep.
      REM Sleep occurs at the end of
      NREM cycle.
      First cycle 90 min after sleep begins.
      Rapid eye movement begins.