Interactions with the Environment
Biotic Factors: Living components of an ecosystem
(plants, animals, bacteria).
Abiotic Factors: Non-living physical and chemical components of an ecosystem
(sunlight, temperature, water, soil).
Biotic
Predators (e.g., wolves)
Prey (e.g., rabbits)
Producers (e.g., plants, algae, some bacteria)
Consumers (e.g., animals, humans)
Decomposers (e.g., fungi)
Abiotic
Light intensity: Influences photosynthesis rates in plants.
Example: Sunlight is abundant in open fields but limited in dense forests.
pH levels: Influence the chemical reactions in the soil and water, affecting plant and animal life.
Example: Acidic soils can limit plant growth, while neutral pH supports diverse plant life.
Water Availability: Essential for all living organisms, influencing their distribution and behavior.
Example: Cacti have adaptations to store water in arid environments.
Temperature: Affects metabolic rates and enzyme activity in organisms.
Example: Tropical regions have constant high temperatures, supporting diverse ecosystems.
Soil Composition: Affects plant growth and the types of organisms that can inhabit an area.
Example: Sandy soils drain quickly, while clay soils retain water.
Interactions
Biotic and abiotic factors interact to create a unique environment.
For example, in a pond ecosystem, water (abiotic) supports aquatic plants (biotic), which provide food for fish (biotic).
Changes in abiotic factors can have significant impacts on biotic factors.
For example, a drought (abiotic) can reduce water availability, affecting plant growth (biotic) and the animals that depend on those plants for food.
Organisms often adapt to their abiotic environment.
For example, fish in colder waters may have antifreeze proteins in their blood to prevent freezing.
Adaptations
Organisms have specific adaptations that help them survive in their particular environments.
Cacti in deserts have thick, fleshy stems that store water and spines that reduce water loss and deter herbivores.
Polar Bears have thick fur and a layer of fat to insulate against cold temperatures in Arctic regions.
Light Intensity
Plants in dense forests, such as ferns, are adapted to low light conditions with large leaves to maximize light absorption.
In aquatic environments, light availability decreases with depth, influencing the types of plants and animals found at different depths.
Temperature
Ectotherms (cold-blooded animals), such as reptiles, rely on external heat sources to regulate their body temperature. They bask in the sun to warm up and seek shade to cool down.
Endotherms (warm-blooded animals), such as mammals and birds, generate their own heat and have adaptations like fur or feathers to maintain body temperature.
Water Availability
In rainforests, where water is abundant, trees have broad leaves to capture sunlight and large root systems to access nutrients.
In deserts, animals like kangaroo rats have adapted to survive with minimal water by obtaining moisture from their food and conserving water through efficient kidneys.
Soil Composition
Prairies with rich, fertile soil support grasses and herbivores like bison.
Alkaline soils in some regions support unique plant communities, such as certain types of grasses and shrubs that are tolerant to high pH levels.
pH Levels
Acidic waters (low pH) in some bogs and swamps support specialized plant species like sphagnum moss, which can tolerate low pH levels.
Neutral pH in most freshwater bodies supports a wide range of aquatic plants and animals, including fish, amphibians, and invertebrates.
Ecosystem Stability
The balance between biotic and abiotic factors contributes to ecosystem stability. Changes in abiotic factors like climate change can disrupt this balance, leading to shifts in species composition and ecosystem function.
Ecological Succession
Over time, ecosystems can undergo succession, a process where the structure and composition of a community change due to biotic and abiotic factors. For example, after a forest fire (abiotic), pioneer species (biotic) like grasses and shrubs quickly colonize the area, followed by trees and larger plants as the ecosystem matures.
Ecosystem: A community of living organisms interacting with one another and their physical environment.
Community: Different populations of organisms living and interacting in a particular area.
Producers: Organisms that produce their own food (e.g., plants via photosynthesis).
Consumers: Organisms that eat other organisms.
Primary Consumers (herbivores): Animals that eat plants.
Example: Deer, caterpillars.
Secondary Consumers (carnivores): Animals that eat other animals.
Example: Lions, eagles.
Tertiary Consumers (top predators)
Decomposers: Organisms that break down dead material, returning nutrients to the soil.
Example: bacteria, fungi
Food Chains: Linear sequences showing who eats whom.
Example: Grass (Producer) → Rabbit (Primary Consumer) → Fox (Secondary Consumer)
Each step in the food chain is known as a trophic level.
Food Webs: Complex networks of interlinked food chains. They provide a more realistic representation of how organisms in an ecosystem interact.
Biodiversity
High biodiversity increases ecosystem stability and resilience. It ensures that there are multiple species that can perform essential ecological functions.
Niches
The role an organism plays in its ecosystem, including how it gets its food and interacts with other organisms. For example, a bee's niche involves pollinating flowers and producing honey.
Tropical Rainforest: High biodiversity, complex food webs, and numerous ecological niches.
Desert Ecosystem: Lower biodiversity, simpler food webs, and organisms adapted to extreme conditions.
Sunlight: Primary source of energy for most ecosystems.
Photosynthesis: Process by which plants convert solar energy into chemical energy.
Equation:
6CO₂ + 6H₂O + light energy → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
Trophic Levels: Levels in a food chain or food web.
Producers (First Trophic Level)
Primary Consumers (Second Trophic Level)
Secondary Consumers (Third Trophic Level)
Tertiary Consumers (Fourth Trophic Level)
Energy Loss
Only about 10% of energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next, with the rest lost as heat. This energy loss limits the number of trophic levels in an ecosystem.
Pyramids of Biomass
Show the relative amount of living organic matter available at each trophic level. They typically have a broad base (producers) and a narrow top (top predators).
Efficiency
The efficiency of energy transfer affects the number of trophic levels an ecosystem can support. They typically have a broad base (producers) and a narrow top (top predators). For example, fewer trophic levels are found in open oceans compared to rainforests.
Grassland Ecosystem
Grass → Grasshopper → Frog → Snake → Hawk. This chain demonstrates energy transfer and the decrease in biomass at higher trophic levels.
Aquatic Ecosystem
Phytoplankton → Zooplankton → Small Fish → Larger Fish → Shark. Similar principles apply, but the primary producers are phytoplankton.
Processes:
Photosynthesis: Plants absorb CO2.
Respiration: Organisms release CO2.
Decomposition: Decomposers break down dead material, releasing CO2.
Combustion: Burning fossil fuels releases CO2.
Processes:
Nitrogen Fixation: Conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into a usable form by bacteria.
Nitrification: Conversion of ammonia into nitrates.
Assimilation: Plants absorb nitrates.
Denitrification: Conversion of nitrates back into atmospheric nitrogen.
Importance: Nutrient cycles ensure the availability of essential elements for life. They maintain ecosystem productivity and support life processes.
Human Impact: Activities such as deforestation and burning fossil fuels disrupt these cycles. Excessive use of fertilizers can lead to nutrient runoff, causing eutrophication in water bodies.
Carbon Cycle: A tree absorbs CO2 during photosynthesis. When the tree dies, decomposers break it down, releasing CO2 back into the atmosphere. If the tree is burned, CO2 is released rapidly.
Nitrogen Cycle: Legume plants have nitrogen-fixing bacteria in their root nodules. These bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia, which is then used by the plant.
Sources: Industrial processes, agricultural practices, waste disposal.
Types:
Air Pollution: Emission of harmful substances into the atmosphere (e.g., sulfur dioxide from industrial processes).
Water Pollution: Contamination of water bodies (e.g., oil spills, plastic waste).
Soil Pollution: Degradation of soil quality (e.g., heavy metals from industrial waste).
Health Problems: Respiratory issues, waterborne diseases, soil contamination affecting crop quality.
Ecosystem Damage: Loss of biodiversity, disruption of food webs, habitat destruction.
Climate Change: Increased greenhouse gases trap heat in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.
Causes: Increased greenhouse gasses from burning fossil fuels, deforestation.
Effects: Rising temperatures, melting ice caps, changing weather patterns, sea-level rise.
Strategies
Protecting natural habitats through the establishment of reserves and parks.
Restoring damaged ecosystems by planting native species and removing invasive species.
Sustainable resource use, such as reducing, reusing, and recycling materials.
Importance: Preserving biodiversity, ensuring ecosystem services such as pollination and water purification.
Reforestation: Planting trees in deforested areas to restore ecosystems and sequester carbon.
Protected Areas: Establishing national parks and reserves to protect endangered species and habitats.
Great Pacific Garbage Patch: A massive collection of plastic waste in the Pacific Ocean, affecting marine life.
Deforestation in the Amazon: Leading to habitat loss, reduction in biodiversity, and increased CO2 levels.
Biotic Factors: Living components of an ecosystem
(plants, animals, bacteria).
Abiotic Factors: Non-living physical and chemical components of an ecosystem
(sunlight, temperature, water, soil).
Biotic
Predators (e.g., wolves)
Prey (e.g., rabbits)
Producers (e.g., plants, algae, some bacteria)
Consumers (e.g., animals, humans)
Decomposers (e.g., fungi)
Abiotic
Light intensity: Influences photosynthesis rates in plants.
Example: Sunlight is abundant in open fields but limited in dense forests.
pH levels: Influence the chemical reactions in the soil and water, affecting plant and animal life.
Example: Acidic soils can limit plant growth, while neutral pH supports diverse plant life.
Water Availability: Essential for all living organisms, influencing their distribution and behavior.
Example: Cacti have adaptations to store water in arid environments.
Temperature: Affects metabolic rates and enzyme activity in organisms.
Example: Tropical regions have constant high temperatures, supporting diverse ecosystems.
Soil Composition: Affects plant growth and the types of organisms that can inhabit an area.
Example: Sandy soils drain quickly, while clay soils retain water.
Interactions
Biotic and abiotic factors interact to create a unique environment.
For example, in a pond ecosystem, water (abiotic) supports aquatic plants (biotic), which provide food for fish (biotic).
Changes in abiotic factors can have significant impacts on biotic factors.
For example, a drought (abiotic) can reduce water availability, affecting plant growth (biotic) and the animals that depend on those plants for food.
Organisms often adapt to their abiotic environment.
For example, fish in colder waters may have antifreeze proteins in their blood to prevent freezing.
Adaptations
Organisms have specific adaptations that help them survive in their particular environments.
Cacti in deserts have thick, fleshy stems that store water and spines that reduce water loss and deter herbivores.
Polar Bears have thick fur and a layer of fat to insulate against cold temperatures in Arctic regions.
Light Intensity
Plants in dense forests, such as ferns, are adapted to low light conditions with large leaves to maximize light absorption.
In aquatic environments, light availability decreases with depth, influencing the types of plants and animals found at different depths.
Temperature
Ectotherms (cold-blooded animals), such as reptiles, rely on external heat sources to regulate their body temperature. They bask in the sun to warm up and seek shade to cool down.
Endotherms (warm-blooded animals), such as mammals and birds, generate their own heat and have adaptations like fur or feathers to maintain body temperature.
Water Availability
In rainforests, where water is abundant, trees have broad leaves to capture sunlight and large root systems to access nutrients.
In deserts, animals like kangaroo rats have adapted to survive with minimal water by obtaining moisture from their food and conserving water through efficient kidneys.
Soil Composition
Prairies with rich, fertile soil support grasses and herbivores like bison.
Alkaline soils in some regions support unique plant communities, such as certain types of grasses and shrubs that are tolerant to high pH levels.
pH Levels
Acidic waters (low pH) in some bogs and swamps support specialized plant species like sphagnum moss, which can tolerate low pH levels.
Neutral pH in most freshwater bodies supports a wide range of aquatic plants and animals, including fish, amphibians, and invertebrates.
Ecosystem Stability
The balance between biotic and abiotic factors contributes to ecosystem stability. Changes in abiotic factors like climate change can disrupt this balance, leading to shifts in species composition and ecosystem function.
Ecological Succession
Over time, ecosystems can undergo succession, a process where the structure and composition of a community change due to biotic and abiotic factors. For example, after a forest fire (abiotic), pioneer species (biotic) like grasses and shrubs quickly colonize the area, followed by trees and larger plants as the ecosystem matures.
Ecosystem: A community of living organisms interacting with one another and their physical environment.
Community: Different populations of organisms living and interacting in a particular area.
Producers: Organisms that produce their own food (e.g., plants via photosynthesis).
Consumers: Organisms that eat other organisms.
Primary Consumers (herbivores): Animals that eat plants.
Example: Deer, caterpillars.
Secondary Consumers (carnivores): Animals that eat other animals.
Example: Lions, eagles.
Tertiary Consumers (top predators)
Decomposers: Organisms that break down dead material, returning nutrients to the soil.
Example: bacteria, fungi
Food Chains: Linear sequences showing who eats whom.
Example: Grass (Producer) → Rabbit (Primary Consumer) → Fox (Secondary Consumer)
Each step in the food chain is known as a trophic level.
Food Webs: Complex networks of interlinked food chains. They provide a more realistic representation of how organisms in an ecosystem interact.
Biodiversity
High biodiversity increases ecosystem stability and resilience. It ensures that there are multiple species that can perform essential ecological functions.
Niches
The role an organism plays in its ecosystem, including how it gets its food and interacts with other organisms. For example, a bee's niche involves pollinating flowers and producing honey.
Tropical Rainforest: High biodiversity, complex food webs, and numerous ecological niches.
Desert Ecosystem: Lower biodiversity, simpler food webs, and organisms adapted to extreme conditions.
Sunlight: Primary source of energy for most ecosystems.
Photosynthesis: Process by which plants convert solar energy into chemical energy.
Equation:
6CO₂ + 6H₂O + light energy → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
Trophic Levels: Levels in a food chain or food web.
Producers (First Trophic Level)
Primary Consumers (Second Trophic Level)
Secondary Consumers (Third Trophic Level)
Tertiary Consumers (Fourth Trophic Level)
Energy Loss
Only about 10% of energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next, with the rest lost as heat. This energy loss limits the number of trophic levels in an ecosystem.
Pyramids of Biomass
Show the relative amount of living organic matter available at each trophic level. They typically have a broad base (producers) and a narrow top (top predators).
Efficiency
The efficiency of energy transfer affects the number of trophic levels an ecosystem can support. They typically have a broad base (producers) and a narrow top (top predators). For example, fewer trophic levels are found in open oceans compared to rainforests.
Grassland Ecosystem
Grass → Grasshopper → Frog → Snake → Hawk. This chain demonstrates energy transfer and the decrease in biomass at higher trophic levels.
Aquatic Ecosystem
Phytoplankton → Zooplankton → Small Fish → Larger Fish → Shark. Similar principles apply, but the primary producers are phytoplankton.
Processes:
Photosynthesis: Plants absorb CO2.
Respiration: Organisms release CO2.
Decomposition: Decomposers break down dead material, releasing CO2.
Combustion: Burning fossil fuels releases CO2.
Processes:
Nitrogen Fixation: Conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into a usable form by bacteria.
Nitrification: Conversion of ammonia into nitrates.
Assimilation: Plants absorb nitrates.
Denitrification: Conversion of nitrates back into atmospheric nitrogen.
Importance: Nutrient cycles ensure the availability of essential elements for life. They maintain ecosystem productivity and support life processes.
Human Impact: Activities such as deforestation and burning fossil fuels disrupt these cycles. Excessive use of fertilizers can lead to nutrient runoff, causing eutrophication in water bodies.
Carbon Cycle: A tree absorbs CO2 during photosynthesis. When the tree dies, decomposers break it down, releasing CO2 back into the atmosphere. If the tree is burned, CO2 is released rapidly.
Nitrogen Cycle: Legume plants have nitrogen-fixing bacteria in their root nodules. These bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia, which is then used by the plant.
Sources: Industrial processes, agricultural practices, waste disposal.
Types:
Air Pollution: Emission of harmful substances into the atmosphere (e.g., sulfur dioxide from industrial processes).
Water Pollution: Contamination of water bodies (e.g., oil spills, plastic waste).
Soil Pollution: Degradation of soil quality (e.g., heavy metals from industrial waste).
Health Problems: Respiratory issues, waterborne diseases, soil contamination affecting crop quality.
Ecosystem Damage: Loss of biodiversity, disruption of food webs, habitat destruction.
Climate Change: Increased greenhouse gases trap heat in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.
Causes: Increased greenhouse gasses from burning fossil fuels, deforestation.
Effects: Rising temperatures, melting ice caps, changing weather patterns, sea-level rise.
Strategies
Protecting natural habitats through the establishment of reserves and parks.
Restoring damaged ecosystems by planting native species and removing invasive species.
Sustainable resource use, such as reducing, reusing, and recycling materials.
Importance: Preserving biodiversity, ensuring ecosystem services such as pollination and water purification.
Reforestation: Planting trees in deforested areas to restore ecosystems and sequester carbon.
Protected Areas: Establishing national parks and reserves to protect endangered species and habitats.
Great Pacific Garbage Patch: A massive collection of plastic waste in the Pacific Ocean, affecting marine life.
Deforestation in the Amazon: Leading to habitat loss, reduction in biodiversity, and increased CO2 levels.
