BIOTECH-MODULE1-TOOLS-USED-IN-GENETIC-ENGINEERING

Introduction to Genetic Engineering

Definition

  • Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs): Organisms whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques.Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

Function

  • PCR is used to amplify specific DNA sequences in vitro ( in a test tube).

Importance

  • Essential for gene cloning, DNA sequencing, and genetic fingerprinting in forensics.

Steps of PCR

  1. Denaturation: DNA strands are separated by heating (95°C).

  2. Annealing: Primers adhere to the single-stranded DNA (55°C).

  3. Extension: Taq polymerase builds complementary strands (72°C).

DNA Amplification and COVID-19 Testing

  • PCR can amplify viral RNA, converting it into DNA for diagnostics.

  • Discuss the implications of cycles in PCR regarding viral load and infection severity.

Restriction Enzymes

Overview

  • Restriction enzymes act as molecular scissors, cutting DNA at specific sequences.

Classes of Restriction Enzymes

  • Type I: Random cuts away from recognition sites.

  • Type II: Cuts at specific locations within the recognition sites.

  • Type III: Cuts a short distance from recognition sites, require ATP.

Applications

  • Used in gene cloning and genetic modifications, isolating desired DNA segments.

Gel Electrophoresis

Technique

  • A method for separating DNA fragments by size using an electric field.

Applications

  • Used to analyze DNA for relatedness, paternity testing, or crime scene investigations.

Role of Plasmids in Genetic Engineering

Definition

  • Plasmids are small, circular DNA molecules used as vectors to transfer genes.

Process

  • Introduced into bacteria via transformation, they replicate independently.

DNA Ligase

Function

  • Joins DNA fragments with matching ends, crucial for creating recombinant DNA.

Summary of Techniques in Genetic Engineering

  1. PCR: Amplification of DNA sequences.

  2. Restriction Enzymes: Cutting DNA at specific sites.

  3. Gel Electrophoresis: Separating DNA fragments.

  4. Plasmids and DNA Ligase: Tools for gene cloning and manipulation.

Applications and Implications

  • Discuss real-world applications of genetic engineering tools in medicine, agriculture, and ethics.