Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs): Organisms whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques.Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
PCR is used to amplify specific DNA sequences in vitro ( in a test tube).
Essential for gene cloning, DNA sequencing, and genetic fingerprinting in forensics.
Denaturation: DNA strands are separated by heating (95°C).
Annealing: Primers adhere to the single-stranded DNA (55°C).
Extension: Taq polymerase builds complementary strands (72°C).
PCR can amplify viral RNA, converting it into DNA for diagnostics.
Discuss the implications of cycles in PCR regarding viral load and infection severity.
Restriction enzymes act as molecular scissors, cutting DNA at specific sequences.
Type I: Random cuts away from recognition sites.
Type II: Cuts at specific locations within the recognition sites.
Type III: Cuts a short distance from recognition sites, require ATP.
Used in gene cloning and genetic modifications, isolating desired DNA segments.
A method for separating DNA fragments by size using an electric field.
Used to analyze DNA for relatedness, paternity testing, or crime scene investigations.
Plasmids are small, circular DNA molecules used as vectors to transfer genes.
Introduced into bacteria via transformation, they replicate independently.
Joins DNA fragments with matching ends, crucial for creating recombinant DNA.
PCR: Amplification of DNA sequences.
Restriction Enzymes: Cutting DNA at specific sites.
Gel Electrophoresis: Separating DNA fragments.
Plasmids and DNA Ligase: Tools for gene cloning and manipulation.
Discuss real-world applications of genetic engineering tools in medicine, agriculture, and ethics.