Unit 2 AP Lang

Audience

  • Writers consider and analyze audiences’ values, beliefs, needs, backgrounds

  • make choices about how to relate to audience’s beliefs and values

  • How does the audience feel? What do they know? What do they need to know? What values and beliefs do the audience hold about the issue?

Rhetorical Choice

  • logos (logic) - engages sense of reasoning, rationalizing perspective or idea to the audience, clear detailed arguments

  • pathos (emotions) - emotion pull on heartstrings, persuading by engaging in aspect of audience’s emotions or sense, move audience towards specific belief

  • ethos (credibility) - build support and earn trust based on writer’s background, position, or association. Also associate with audience by highlighting shared values.

Reasons

  • writers use evidence to illustrate, clarify, exemplify, establish mood, create association, emphasize/amplify a point

credible source

  • ask how recent the evidence should be to be accurate, and is it relatable, recent, and accurate? other credible sources can check that it is correct

persuasion

  • starts with a purpose, calls an audience to take action or stop doing something

call to action

  • can be inductive or deductive

syntax

  • specific arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences, made deliberately with audience in mind

persuasive argument

  • aims to convince an audience to accept a particular viewpoint or take action with logos pathos ethos

valid argument

  • justified through logical reasons and become stronger and more credible when reasoning is supported through compelling evidence

Evidence

  • relevant evidence - evidence significance is explained and ties to line of reasoning and audience

  • sufficient - quantity and quality appropriate for argument

  • typical - representative of a population or issue

  • accurate - other credible sources can check that it is correct

  • analogies, anecdotes, details, examples, expert opinions, facts, illustrations, experiences/observations, statistics, testimonies

line of reasoning

  • justify claims or thesis with reasons supported with evidence and explanation of how evidence supports claim

inductive reasoning

  • moves from specific observations to broad

  • audience likely doesn’t have same position/not known, writer provides reasons first, lead to claim/call to action in conclusion

Deduction

  • audience shares common beliefs and willing to accept perspective

  • starts with thesis or call to action