Untitled Flashcards Set

  • Homeostasis - The maintenance of relatively constant physical and chemical conditions. Multicellular organisms become specialized for particular tasks and communicate with other cells to maintain homeostasis. We will go over this again upcoming note section.

  • The movement of materials across the cell membranes without the use of energy.

  • 3 types: Diffusion, Facilitated diffusion, osmosis

  • Diffusion- movement of molecules from and area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

  • Facilitated diffusion - Large, charged molecules. Uses carrier or channel proteins, but no energy to pass through. High to low concentration.

  • Osmosis- movement of water

  • Negative feedback reduces the output or activity of a stytme.

  • Thermoregulation is a key aspect of homeostasis, where organisms maintain their body temperature within a narrow range. This process involves mechanisms such as sweating, shivering, and altering blood flow to ensure optimal functioning.

  • Osmoregulation- is the process of maintaining water balance within organisms. It involves the regulation of solute concentrations and water retention, crucial for cellular function and overall homeostasis in both aquatic and terrestrial enviroments.

  • Stimulus- change in conditions

  • Response- return to homeostatis



  • Carbon is made up of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids.

  • Oxygen is crucial for aerobic respiration.

  • Phoshorus

  • DNA: Double stranded

  • RNA: Single stranded

  • DNA base pairs: A, T, C, G

  • RNA base pairs: A, U, C, G

  • U= Uracil

  • mRNA = messenger RNA

  • rRNA = Ribosomal RNA. part of the ribosome.

  • tRNA

  • Choromosomes contain genetic information.

  • Eukaryotic cell cycle

  • G1 (growth)

  • S (synthesis/replication)

  • G2 (growth)

  • M (mitosis)

  • G1, S, and G2 are called interphase

  • M is were cell division happens (mitosis and cytokinesis)

  • 4 stages of mitosis

  • 1: Prophase

  • 2: Metaphase

  • 3: Anaphase

  • 4: Telophase




  • Energy is the ability to do work.

  • Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

  • Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)

  • Cells can release the energy stored in ATP by breaking the bond between the 2nd and 3rd phosphate groups

  • Calorie: amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celcius. 

  • Calories are the unit of energy stored in food

  • Cellular Respiration: the process that releases energy from food in the presence of oxygen

  • Same components of photosynthesis, but opposite

  • 3 main stages: Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, Electron Transport Chai

  • In the presence of oxygen, the complete breakdown of 1 glucose molecule results in 36 ATP molecules

  • This represents about 36% of the total energy of glucose, The other 64% is released as heat. 

  • Occurs only in plants, algae, and some bacteria.

  • It uses sunlight energy to turn water and carbon dioxide into sugar and oxygen.

  • Takes place in nearly all life: plants, animals, fungi, protists, and most bacteria.

  • Takes sugar and oxygen to make water, carbon dioxide, and energy.

  • Fermentation: process by which energy can be released from food molecules in the absence of oxygen

  • Fermentation occurs in the cytoplasm of the cells.

  • First 90 seconds of your workout, stores a bunch of ATP energy.

  • These glycogen stores are enough to last for 15 to 20 minutes minutes of activity

  • Photosynthesis- CO2- C6H12O6

  • Cellular respiration- C6H12O6-CO2

  • Decomposition- C6H12O6- CO2

  • Combustion- C6H12O6-CO2