Rationalism - chief source and test of knowledge.

Skepticism - Always in doubt.

Empiricism - All our knowledge comes for our sensory.

Naturalism - All beings and events in the universe are natural.

Socrates - Socratic/Dialectic Method, dualistic, “Unexamined life is not worth living.”

Socratic Dualistic - Body (imperfect and impermanent) and Soul (perfect and permanent.

Plato - Followed Socrates on knowing Thyself, student of Socrated.

Three components of Plato - Appatitive soul, Rational soul, Spirited soul.

Appatitive soul - cravings or desires.

Rational soul - reasoning, judgement, and thinking.

Spirited soul - emotion.

The republic - Plato’s work stating that the three components should work harmoniously.

Theory of Forms - Ageless; therefore, eternal. Unchanging; therefore, permanent, Unmoving and indivisible.

St. Augustine - One of the most significant Christian thinkers. Would like to know about moral evil and why it exists in people. To love god means to love one’s fellow man, and to love one’s fellow man means never to do any harm to another.

God - source of all source of all reality and truth.

The cause of evil - Man’s freewill.

Rene Descartes - “I think therefore, I am” and Father of Modern Psychology.

The self according to Rene Descartes is composed of Cogito and Extenza.

Cogito - mind, Extenza (extension of the mind) Body.

Cogito ergo sum - The things that think is the proof of human existence.

Descartes introduced Cartesian Method and invented analytic geometry.

Intuition - apprehend direction of certain truths.

Deduction - Power to discover what is not known.

John Locke - Blank state at birth and can be filled through experiences and “self” is formed.

Self according to John Locke cannot be found in the soul nor in the body but in one’s consciousness. consciousness and self can be transferred from one to another.

Blank State - Tabula rasa.

Forms of Processes - Sensation and Reflection.

Sensation - Objects are experienced through senses.

Reflection - Looks at the objects that were experienced to discover relationship that may exist between them.

Law of Opinion - Virtue (praiseworthy actions).

Civil Law - Authority by right people.

Divine Law - Set by God.

David Hume - concepts and knowledge are formed through senses and experiences.

Self according to David Hume is a bundle or collection of different perceptions.

Impressions - Real or actual experiences.

Ideas - Copies or representation of impression.

Self - Hume’s term for soul.

Principles of Association - Cause and Effect, Resemblance, Contiguity.

Cause and Effect - people experience certain relations between objects, thus it cannot be a basis for knowledge.

Resemblance - Common properties.

Contiguity - Ideas, memories, and experiences are linked when one is frequently experienced with another.

Immanuel Kant - “There is nothing higher than reason.” There must necessarily be something in us that organizes these sensations to create knowledge and ideas. Founder of German Idealism (inspired by Hume).

Reason, not mere experiences is the foundation of knowledge.

Self according to Immanuel Kant - organizes our experience into something meaningful.

Mind - actively participats in knowing the objects it experiences.

Knowledge - result of human understanding.

Society - group of people sharing the same culture in a definite territory.

Culture - people’s way of life, including behaviors, values, beliefs, symbols. Composed of ideas, behavior, and material possessions.

Society and Culture - interdependent and coexist with each other.

Material culture - Physical materials. attires, tools, weapons, architectural implements.

Non-material culture - Belief systems, values and norms, expected behaviors.

Values - Ideal bahaviors. Set standard behaviors that are socially acceptable and admirable.

Norms - Rules on what to do or not what to do in a certain situations.

Status - position in a society.

Ascribed - Inherited position in a society.

Achieved - Personally acquired in a society.

George Herbert Mead - Symbolic Interactionism.

Symbolic Interactionism - Self is created, developed, and changed through human interaction.

Three main reasons for symbolic interactionism - Our sociocultural context affects who we are and our decisions. We need affirmation from other people. Our self is influenced by the current trends.

Face work - describe another aspect pf the self.

Culture and Personality - Ruth Benedict Ford and Margaret Mead. Personality or the self is dependent on the cultural practices and socialization process. Studying one’s behaviour through his’ personality.

Personal development - based on cultural expectations.

Symbolic and Interpretative Anthropology - Clifford Geertz. Culture is a compilation of symbols with meaning (made, communicated, and negotiated).

Looking Glass Self - Charles Horton Cooley. Self image = based on how others treat him (the treatment therefore is like a mirror reflecting one’s personality.)

Looking Glass Self is a life long mental process characterized by three phases - How one imagines how he appears to him, How one imagines other’s judgement to his appearance, How one percieves others’ judgement to be such as pride or shame.

Dramaturgical analysis - Erving Goffman. Study of social interactions in terms of theatrical performance.

Impression management - Process of altering how the person presents himself to others.

Theory of Cultural determinism - Culture has a strong impact on how the individual views himself.

Human nature - determined by ideas, meanings, beliefs, and values learned as a member of society.

Social Institutions - Sets of ideas, norms, practices, or mechanisms organized and focused on addressing the needs of the community.

Kinship/Family - basic social institution.

Economics/Market - regulate the flow of resources and services. Ensure that everyone gets a fair share of goods.

Politics/Government - Ensuring peace and order by legitimizing the use of power.

Executive - President. Enforcing the law.

Legislative - House of Representatives and Senate. Creation, amendment, and repealing the law.

Judiciary - Supreme Court. Proper interpretation of the law.

Education/School - Ensure that the knowledge of the past and the culture of society gets transmitted from one generation to another. Produce people who can live harmoniously in the given social environment.

Religion/Church - Organized set of practices, symbols, and artifacts. Can also teach and reinforce values, norms, and morals in partnership with family and school.

Supernatural - all that cannot be explained by the law of nature.

Why people believe in supernatural - Explanation of the unexplainable, meaning and purpose of life, continuity of relationship with the people that we care about even after death.

Pre-socratic philosophers - Documenting, reasoning, observing.

Mass/Social Media - plays a role in self-concept development. Promotion of certain ideas affects our self-identity and self-perception.

Mass Media - Technological devices.

Social Media - Websites or apps para makipagcommunicate sa ibang tao.

Dopamine - happy nerve in our brain that can boost self-esteem.

Health Services - Positive outcome that is meaningful for people and for many sectors of society. Good living conditions is an important factor to well being.

Recreation - satisfying human desire for entertainment, amusement, and play among others. Activities done in leisure.

Leisure - Free time that people can spend away from their everyday responsibilities.

Sport - Any types of organized physical activity.

Concept of Self - interchangeable with other similar terms.

Supernatural being - being that is better and more powerful than any creature in the natural world.

Psychology - description, explanation, prediction, and control of behaviour.

Thoughts - cognition.

Senses - Perception.

Feelings - emotion.

Psychology as science - Systematic methods explain human behavior and mental processes. Behaviour, mental processes, or capacity.

William James - Father of American Psychology.

James’ Theory of Self - “I self” and “Me self”.

I self - thinking, acting, and feeling self. Protagonist in the story.

Me self - Physical characteristics as well as psychological abilities that makes who you are. Separate object.

Carl Rogers - Person Centered Theory.

Carl’s Aspect of Self - “I” and “self”.

I - acts and decides.

Self - What you think or feel about yourself.

Other concepts similar to self - Identity and Self-concept

Identity - personal characteristics, roles, and responsibilities.

Self-concept - What comes to your mind when you are asked about yourself.

Self-schema - compilation ng memories, experiences, knowledge. Organized system of knowledge about who we are. Interests, work, age, course, name.

Sigmund Freud - Father of Psychoanalysis. 3 levels of consciousness (Id, ego, superego).

Id - pleasure principle

Ego - reality principle.

Superego - morality.

2 types of self we can be aware of - Private and public self.

Private self - internal thoughts and feelings.

Public self - What a person commonly shows to others (reputation).

Self-awareness present in self schema - Actual, Ideal, Ought self.

Actual Self - present. Who we are.

Ideal - Who we want to be in the future.

Ought - Who we should be.

Self-esteem - Personal positive or negative perception or evaluation. One of the ways in which our social relationship affects our self-esteem is through social comparison.

Social Comparison Theory - Comparing aspects of ourselves with other people.

Types of Comparison - Upward Social Comparison (comparing yourself to those who are better than you) and Downward Social Comparison (Someone who is in a worse situation than you).

Social Maintenance Theory - We feel threatened when someone outperforms us. and we react in three ways: 1. We distance ourselves from those people 2. Reconsider the importance of the skill or aspect. 3. Strengthen our resolution to improve.

Narcissism - Overly high self-esteem, self-admiration, and self-centeredness.