Unit 4 mini exam AP human geo

Law of the Sea: 12 Nautical Miles
Territorial waters where the U.S. enforces sovereignty, including patrols in areas like the Gulf of Mexico.

Law of the Sea: 24 Nautical Miles
Contiguous zone where Australia monitors immigration and customs enforcement off its coastline.

Law of the Sea: 200 Nautical Miles
Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) used by countries like Brazil to exploit oil reserves off their coasts.

Spratly Islands (South China Sea Dispute)
Disputed islands claimed by China, Vietnam, Philippines, Malaysia, and Brunei due to strategic shipping lanes and potential resources.

Median-line Principle
Applied in the North Sea for dividing maritime zones between the United Kingdom and Norway.

Gerrymandering
North Carolina’s congressional districts were redrawn in 2016 after courts found them to be racially gerrymandered.

Centripetal Forces
India’s use of Bollywood and cricket to unify its diverse population.

Centrifugal Forces
The ethnic and religious divisions in Yugoslavia that led to its fragmentation in the 1990s.

Berlin Conference (1884-1885)
Divided Africa into colonies such as the Belgian Congo, with lasting impacts like the conflict in Rwanda due to arbitrary boundaries.

Neocolonialism
France’s economic influence in former colonies like Côte d’Ivoire through trade agreements and currency control.

Antecedent Boundary
The U.S.-Canada border along the 49th parallel, established before settlement.

Subsequent Boundary
The boundary between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland, evolving with cultural and political changes.

Consequent Boundary
The boundary between India and Pakistan, drawn based on religious divisions (Hindu and Muslim populations).

Physical (Natural) Boundary
The Himalayas forming the boundary between China and India.

Geometric Boundary
The 38th parallel dividing North and South Korea.

Relic/Relict Boundary
The Berlin Wall in Germany, which no longer functions but remains a historic symbol.

Superimposed Boundary
Colonial boundaries in Africa, such as the borders of Sudan and South Sudan.

United Nations (UN)
Promotes global peace and development (e.g., humanitarian aid in Syria).

European Union (EU)
Facilitates free trade and movement across member states (e.g., Schengen Area).

NATO
Provides collective defense for member states (e.g., assisting in Ukraine).

ASEAN
Promotes economic growth in Southeast Asia.

Federal Governance
The United States, with state-level autonomy in laws like education and healthcare policies.

Unitary Governance
France, where the central government creates and enforces most laws nationwide.

Local Scale of Analysis
Crime rates in neighborhoods like Harlem, New York.

Regional Scale of Analysis
Water scarcity in the Sahel region of Africa.

National Scale of Analysis
Unemployment rates in Brazil.

Global Scale of Analysis
Climate change impacts on Arctic ice melting worldwide.