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1st Amendment: Protects fundamental freedoms, including religion (Establishment and Free Exercise clauses), speech, press, assembly, and the right to petition the government.
2nd Amendment: Protects the right to keep and bear arms.
4th Amendment: Protects against "unreasonable searches and seizures" and is the basis for the Exclusionary Rule (evidence obtained illegally cannot be used in court).
5th Amendment: Protects against self-incrimination (Miranda rights), double jeopardy, and ensures "due process of law" before the government can take life, liberty, or property .
6th Amendment: Guarantees the right to a "speedy and public trial," an impartial jury, and the right to an attorney (legal counsel).
8th Amendment: Prohibits "excessive bail" and "cruel and unusual punishments".
9th Amendment: States that the enumeration of certain rights in the Constitution does not mean other rights retained by the people do not exist (often used to support privacy rights).

13th Amendment: Formally abolished slavery and involuntary servitude in the United States.
14th Amendment: Defines citizenship and contains the Due Process Clause (used for Selective Incorporation) and the Equal Protection Clause (the primary tool for fighting discrimination).
15th Amendment: Prohibits the denial of the right to vote based on "race, color, or previous condition of servitude".

19th Amendment: Granted women the right to vote (guarantees suffrage regardless of sex).
23rd Amendment: Allows residents of Washington, D.C., to vote for representatives in the Electoral College.
24th Amendment: Prohibited the use of poll taxes in federal elections, which were used to disenfranchise Black voters.
26th Amendment: Lowered the legal voting age from 21 to 18