globalization
1. new nobility: zamindars in the mughal empire and british india
  - local people recruited by the british to act as a sort of new ruling class
  - they are given land and rights of inheritance to that land
  - separate from the Indian caste system
2. european gentry and smaller families - urbanization of the european cities
  - growing class - european gentry; cityfolk- non-elites that are making money
3. tokugawa shogunate - most stable shogunate in japan due to stable sales of exports, leads to salaried samurai in japan
4. the creoles in latin america - american-born, european-descent middle class
  - educated readers, writers, running the states and challenging their society
transformations in europe
- from feudalism with thousands of fiefdoms to nation-states - less states
- centralized governments, created the modern diplomatic system we use now
1. challenges to the catholic church
  - reformation
  - co-opted by the monarchs
2. rise of central governance
  - New World: silver, cash crop taxation, trade tariffs
  - hiring bureaucrats for centralized taxation and implementation of law (and language, culture)
    - bureaucrats : people who work for the state
  - hiring mercenaries and raising armies and navies, for the expansion of their empires
3. constitutional monarchy in britain / england (and the netherlands)
  - [ roots of economic liberty: early capitalism and mass enterprises - some open competition, banks, stock markets, colonial / sea trade ] - start of capitalism?
    - learned various skills like banking, finances, stocks from the italian city-states
  - roots of social liberties: a strong separate church (puritan church); rule of law in villages, rise of bourgeoisie
    - bourgeoisie definition
      bourgeoisie - refers to the urban middle class that emerged during the rise of early capitalism, consisting of merchants, bankers, professionals and other non-noble citizens who gained economic and social influence through commerce and education rather than hereditary status
  - political: gradual development
    - 1215: magna carta
    - 1295: model parliament
      - parliament: comes from the word parlor, lit. to talk
      - parliament: acting as a body to balance out the king’s power with the interests of the society, over a long time becomes more and more democratic
    - 1628: petition of right
    - 1649: parliament wins the english civil war
      - executes their king, england becomes a republic for a short time
    - 1688: glorious revolution
      - invite the dead king’s sister and her husband who is dutch back to england as rulers, with an agreement of power between the monarchy and the parliament, which are both under the power of law; a constitutional monarchy
absolutist monarchs
1. enlightened despots: frederick the great of prussia and catherine the great of russia
2. absolutist monarchs like king louis xiv of france
3. louis xiv - the “sun king”
  - as the europeans now know what the solar system looks like, king louis xiv is known as the sun king due to the planets (everything) revolving around the sun, in this case the king
  - bureaucracy: intendants [tax collectors] → generalites [territorial districts, provinces]
    - made sure taxes were collected fairly
  - modern army: logistics [king supplies his own troops, instead of the troops just destroying everything in their wake and taking everything as they pass through the countryside], Lt. Col [lieutenant colonel], bayonets
  - the creation of economic policies and ministers
    - standardize measure / currency
    - the creation and sponsorship of new industries, roads, canals
    - mercantilism (exports > imports)
      - tax / state revenue from means such as exports used to support new industries
      - the colonization and atlantic system
  - versailles - the symbol and display of wealth and status