Physiology module 3 sync session A

Overview of Class Updates and Reminders

Recording and processing notes will take place at the start of the session.
Module one quiz feedback: If there are errors related to channel transport questions, especially regarding whether it is passive or facilitated transport, students should reach out for score corrections.
Encouragement for students facing personal issues (e.g., illness) to contact the instructor before assignment deadlines for potential deadline extensions or assistance.
Emphasis on contacting the instructor for help with content before tests; options for assistance diminish after tests have occurred.
Announcement of a test review session following lecture to be recorded for future reference.
The review will include difficult questions and an open floor for students' questions.

Importance of watching recorded asynchronous lectures (async) as a basis for exams; casual reminders to do so.
Active encouragement for students to schedule weekly study times for asynchronous content to manage workload effectively.
Outcomes of survey on whether students are planning their weeks for studying async content; strong recommendation for better scheduling practices.

Understanding of the sodium-potassium pump as a critical example of active transport; requires ATP (energy) to function.
Clarification that active transport involves moving substances against their concentration gradient, in contrast to passive transport which occurs along the gradient without energy.
Importance of distinguishing between isotonic solutions, where the cell volume remains unchanged due to equal solute concentration outside and inside the cell.
In cases where solute concentration (osmolarity) is greater in the external environment, water will move towards the higher concentration to try to balance concentrations.

Action potentials described as passive processes, triggered by changes in membrane voltage due to electrical stimuli.
The process of depolarization involves sodium influx, which is passive, followed by potassium efflux, also passive.
Sodium-potassium pump’s role highlighted as maintaining the concentration gradient essential for these processes.

Structure of the upcoming exam clearly outlined; it will cover material from modules one and two only, excluding the current week's content.
Emphasis on quality submissions for assignments to prevent missing points due to rushed work and ensuring understanding of material.
Students will receive feedback on their case study submissions to help them learn from mistakes.

Wiggers diagram introduction; overview of its components related to heart function and pressures not being on students' exams, but understanding its separable parts is important.
Heart functioning as two pumps; one side (right) pumps to the lungs, and the other side (left) pumps to the body. Critical knowledge for understanding cardiovascular physiology.
Understanding key components of the heart structure such as atria, ventricles, valves and the flow of blood from vena cavae to the aorta.

Automaticity: Ability of the heart to generate action potentials without neural stimulation.
Excitability: Refers to the heart's responsiveness to electrical stimuli.
Conductivity: Ability to propagate impulses from cell to cell in the myocardium.
Contractility: Strength of heart muscle contraction, linked to how effectively it can pump blood.
Mechanical and Electrical Synchrony: Relationship between electrical stimulation of the heart and its mechanical contraction.

Overview of how blood flows through the heart, detailing entry through the right atrium and its journey: right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary arteries → lungs → left atrium → left ventricle → aorta.
Key valves discussed include tricuspid valve, pulmonary valve (going to the lungs), and mitral valve (bicuspid) — crucial for one-way blood flow.
Emphasized understanding that there is no valve between the vena cavae and right atrium or via pulmonary veins into the left atrium to allow free flow of blood into the heart.

Describing pressure-volume loops, where pressure correlates with contraction phases (systole) and relaxation phases (diastole).
Essential components:
- End Diastolic Volume (EDV): Volume of blood in left ventricle at end of filling.
- Ejection Fraction (EF): Percentage of blood ejected compared to the total volume in the ventricle (normal is ~70%).
- Preload: Stretch of ventricular walls prior to contraction, relating to stroke volume.
- Afterload: Pressure the ventricle must overcome to eject blood; relates directly to systolic blood pressure.

Discussed how the heart rates and stroke volume adjust during exercise; as physical demands increase, heart efficiency generally improves.
Inferential point made about how structural changes (thicker walls) from consistent training can enhance heart efficiency.

Recap of significant take-home points regarding how to manage study practices effectively, focus on understanding physiological concepts deeply, and preparation for exams.
Encouragement for further questions and clarifications, reassuring that follow-up discussions on complex topics such as the cardiac cycle will be revisited in future classes.