ANCIENT GREEK ART

Greece

- Northeastern part of the Mediterranean Sea

-          Medi – western Asia, Europe, Africa

-          Wala pang Greece dati, mayrron lang city-states

Frescoes

• the painting of color pigments on wet lime plaster without a binding agent

• when the paint is absorbed by the plaster, it is fixed and protected from fading

• it should be built to last, it should be built to last the test of time

• depict scenes from everyday life

  • ancient civilization – what they see in their surrounding, you can see through their art

• frescoes are fragile and often get destroyed when removed from their original sites

Examples:

1. Minoan Dolphin Fresco from Knossos, Crete, 1700-1450 BCE

   • Crete – southern part of Greece

2.  Minoan Bull-leaping Fresco from Knossos, Crete, 1450-1400 BCE

   • In Greece they value bulls, they use them in sports and acrobatics

3. Minoan Griffin Fresco from Knossos, 1700-1450 BCE

   • scene of mythology

   • Griffin - the most powerful; animal on land and the sky

Pottery

•       achieved prominence from 1000 BCE to 400 BCE

• BCE

• For years that come before the year 1

• Baseline is the birth of Christ

• 1000 years before the death of Christ

•       vases were meant to be used in everyday life

•        use are ceramics or

•       there were painters partnering with potters in creating vases

•       amphorae for storing wine, large kraters for mixing wine with water, jugs for pouring wine, kylixes or stemmed cups with horizontal handles for drinking, hydra with three handles for holding water, skyphoi or deep bowls, and lekythoi jars for holding oils and perfumes

A. bell krater, B. lebes, C. skyphos, D. aryballos, E. hydria, F. volute krater, G. kantharos, H. psykter, I. kylix, J. stamnos, K. alabastron, L. oinochoe, M. lekythos, N. amphora

Examples:

1. Terracotta oinochoe, c. 900 BCE

2. Geometric style krater, Attica, 800 BCE

3. Proto-Corinthian aryballos, 650 BCE

Sculptures

•       Greek art of classical antiquity is believed to be a mixture of Egyptian, Syrian, Minoan (Crete), Mycenaean (Jerusalem) and Persian (Iraq) cultures

•       Greece have influenced other surrounding countries because of trade and exchange

•       Greek sculptors learned both stone carving and bronze-casting from the Egyptians and Syrians. Sculpture was developed by the Ionians and Dorians

Three periods of Greek sculpture:

• Archaic Period (c.650-500 BCE) Greek sculptors start to develop monumental marble sculpture

  • Long hair

• Classical Period (c.500-323 BCE) The creative highpoint of Greek sculpture

  • GOLDEN AGE

  • Short hair

• The Hellenistic Period (c.323-27 BCE) The "Greek" style of 3-D art is practiced across the Eastern Mediterranean.

  • Kinalat at ibinahagi across mediterranean

Archaic Period

•       Archaic free-standing figures have the solid mass and frontal stance of Egyptian models, but their forms are more dynamic

•       The three most common statues were the standing nude youth (kouros, plural kouroi), the standing draped girl (kore, plural korai), and the seated woman

Examples:

Kleobis and Biton (610-580 BCE)

The Moschophoros  (c. 570)

• Lamb bearer

The Anavysos Kouros (c. 525)

• Kapag male, usually nude

• Pag girl, nakatakip ang gentals or may damit. If nude, may breast area

Classical Period

•       Although a time of conflict, the intellectualism and creativity of the Classical period produced a plethora of memorable works of art and has even been considered a ‘golden age’

•       Kahit magulo yung society at that time, hinsi dils tumigil gumawa ng artwrok

•       Classical Greek sculpture incorporated more diverse figure types and bodily poses as well as a sharp increase in technical dexterity, resulting in far more naturalistic and realistic sculptures

•       Some famous sculptors during the period are Phidias, Praxiteles, Kritios, Lysippos, and Myron

Examples:

Aphrodite of Knidos (c. 350 BCE)

Discobolus (460-50 BCE)

• Discuss thrower

The Artemision Bronze (c. 460 BCE)

Zeus at Olympia (c. 435 BCE)

• Pinakamalaking statue at their time

• Made out of wood

Hellenistic Period

•       It has been seen as a continuation, refinement, and expansion of Greek, or Hellenistic, influence in the Mediterranean world after Alexander the Great

•       Many artistic subjects appear significantly more dramatized than before and for the first time emotive facial expressions featured in monumental sculpture

•       Because of emotions, mas naging makatotohanan

•       Suffering, death

•       Embraced adverse themes such as suffering, old age, and death

Examples:

Winged Victory of Samothrace (220-190 BCE)

Aphrodite, Pan and Eros (c. 100)

• Pan – goat and human being

Venus de Milo (Aphrodite of Melos) (c. 100)

• One of the most recognizable statues in the world

Laocoon and his Sons (42-20 BCE) 

Architecture

•       Greek architects provided some of the finest and most distinctive buildings in the entire Ancient World

•       Characterized by simplicity, proportion, perspective, and harmony

•       3 Columns (sumusuporta sa weight ng kisame) made out of marble coated with limestones

• Doric Order

  • earliest of the three Classical orders of architecture

  • transition from wood to stone

  • characterized by a plain, unadorned column capital and a column that rests directly on the stylobate of the temple without a base

  • stylobate – floor level

  • direct agad wala ng base

  • malapad siya

  • The Doric entablature includes a frieze composed of trigylphs (vertical plaques with three divisions) and metopes (square spaces for either painted or sculpted decoration). The columns are fluted and are of sturdy, if not stocky, proportions

  • Example: Parthenon

• Ionic Order

  • originated in Ionia, a coastal region of central Anatolia (present-day Turkey) where a number of ancient Greek settlements were located

  • volutes (scroll-like ornaments) characterize the Ionic capital and a base supports the column

  • notable for its graceful proportions, giving a more slender and elegant profile than the Doric order

  • stylobate then base, before the column

  • VOLUTE – ROLL

  • May decorative moldings

  • If god or goddess building, may worship scene

  • If tungkol sa isang tao, ang pinapakita naman dooon ay mga scenes important scenes sa buhay ng tao na yon

• Corinthian Order

  • Originated from the Greek city-state of Corinth where the sculptor Callimachus drew a set of acanthus leaves surrounding a votive basket 

  • The defining element of the Corinthian order is its elaborate, carved capital, which incorporates even more vegetal elements than the Ionic order does

  • Mas payat

  • May volute but karamihan ng design sa capital ay halaman o bulaklak

  • PINAKAMARAMING DEISGN SA CAPITAL

  • Example: Recreation of the Temple of Artemis
    at Ephesus (One of the wonders of the world)

Theatre of Delphi

-       usually tinayo sa gild ng bundok para mag rebervirate yug sounds

-       theory ng sound engineer – possible na sa pagkakagawa ng

-       naka concave siya parang shape ng tenga natin

-       3000 spectators

Theatre of Epidaurus

-       Hindi sa mountain side ginawa kundi sa floor level

-       Thousand of spectators

Theatre

-       Oedipus Rex – perfect example ng isang tragedy

-       Sabayang Pagbigkas

-       Choregos – 40-50

-       Thespis - According to tradition, in 534 or 535 BC, Thespis astounded audiences by leaping on to the back of a wooden cart and reciting poetry as if he was the characters whose lines he was reading. In doing so he became the world's first actor, and it is from him that we get the world thespian.

From ancient Greece, inadopt ng ancient romans, from there kumalat sa roman empire. From roman empire, spiel, dinala sa pilipinas

-       Sarswela - Musical play from the Philippines in one or three acts which features typical Filipino characters and situations within the framework of a romantic love story.

-       Ang Philippine theater ay nakaugat din sa Ancient Greek theater

Nag start because of their belief in Dionysus…

•       Dionysus, the god of wine, had a cult following – the cult of Dionysus

•       “Dionysus is associated with darkness, with the loss of boundaries around the self experienced in a crowd.” – David Wiles

•       Kapag lasing ka, you assume another character

•       Similarity of Lasing and an Actor in Theatre

•       Pwedeng may similarity kayo bat it is not you entirely

•       Athens’ democratic government sponsored the cult of Dionysus and established festivals in tribute

•       5th century Greek theatre was integrated to civic/religious  discourse. Festivals included processions, sacrifices, celebrations, feasting and choral laments.

•       Four Dionysian festivals – Rural Dionysia, Lenaia, Anthesteria and City Dionysia (pinaka Malaki)

•       Some say that competitions on tragedies originated in 534 BCE. Thespis was the first winner, who was also considered the first actor. Others claim that the City Dionysia was established in 503-501 BCE.

•       Pa contest ng tragedy and comedy

•       nag re-rehearse for almost one year then once lang ipapalabas

•       ultimate reward ay sila manalo, bragging rites.

•       Didinggin ni Dionysus yung kanilang panalangin like God (Christians)

•       Tragedy – Melodramatic

•       Tungkol sa human nature

•       Human nature has always been the same

•       Comedy – the life of the society

•       Ridicule the society

•       While they laugh the society, they have deeper hugot

•       Mukha lang nakakatwa pero may lalim pala

•       HEAVILY DEPENDENT SA SOCIETY

•       Kung anong nakakatwa noon posibleng hindi na nakakatawa ngayon

•       THESPIANS – tawag sa theater actors ngayon in honor of THESPIS

-       MAS MALAPIT, MAS MATAAS ANG CLASS SA LIPUNAN

-       Parados – entrance and exit

-       Skene – wall

Performers, Masks, Costumes and Music

•       All performers were male

•       Kase mga kababaehan, sila ay inaasahan for household chores

•       Women

•       Thespis was the first actor. Aeschylus added the second actor while Sophocles introduced the third actor.

•       Playwright – a person who writes plays.

•       Masks were an essential part of Greek theatre.

•       Tragic masks had formalized, expressionless faces.

•       Comic masks presented caricatures, grotesques, or animal heads.

•       Costumes for tragedy included a tunic or sometimes a long/short cloak. Costumes for comedy were based on everyday wear and included a phallus.

•       Tragedy – suot ng royalty / nobility

•       Comedy – everyday wear

•       Phallic symbol

•       A double pipe, aulos, was integral in the music of Greek theatre. Another essential instrument was the harp.

•       May musical accompaniment

•       Wind and string instrument

Plays and Playwrights

•       Only 44 plays survived from the Greek classical period. These were written by Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, and Aristophanes.

•       Greek tragedies did not end with a terrible event. Some end on an affirmative note. Many address the history and character of Athens.

•       The only extant comedies were those of Aristophanes characterized as bawdy, obscene, fantastical, or absurd

•       Criticized politicians, militarists, oracle mongers and similar figures of power

•       In The Clouds, he ridiculed Socrates. In The Frogs, he ridiculed Euripides and Dionysus

•       William Shakespeare – ridiculed the sexes

Aristotle’s Poetics

•       First systematic treatise on drama developed between 336-331 BCE from the winners of the City Dionysia

What makes a great story of tragedy?

•       Plot

•       Character

•       Thought

•       Diction

•       Music

•       Spectacle

Elements of a Tragedy

•       Mimesis – imitation or representation of action and characters

•       Hubris – excessive pride

•       Hamartia – tragic flaw

•       Anagnorisis – recognition

•       Peripeteia – reversal of fate

•       Catharsis – purgation of emotions