Cardiac 201-241

18. Acidosis occurs during shock because:

A. Cells stop using glucose

B. Inadequate removal of metabolic waste

C. Increased oxygen delivery

D. Excess alkalinity

Correct Answer: B – Waste builds up.

19. Increased respirations in shock are meant to:

A. Raise CO2

B. Compensate for acidosis

C. Increase fluid retention

D. Cause vasodilation

Correct Answer: B

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LATE (DECOMPENSATED) SHOCK

20. Late-stage shock is characterized by:

A. Rapid recovery

B. Very low blood pressure

C. High urine output

D. Warm, dry skin

Correct Answer: B – BP drops severely.

21. During decompensated shock, the body’s compensatory mechanisms:

A. Are fully effective

B. Fail

C. Become stronger

D. Increase oxygen delivery

Correct Answer: B

22. A severe complication of late shock is:

A. Increased kidney function

B. Acute renal failure

C. Enhanced liver function

D. Hyperactivity

Correct Answer: B

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COMPLICATIONS OF SHOCK

23. Shock lung (ARDS) occurs because:

A. Alveoli overinflate

B. Pulmonary capillaries become more permeable → fluid leaks in

C. Airways dilate

D. Kidneys fail to filter blood

Correct Answer: B

24. Paralytic ileus in shock is caused by:

A. SNS overstimulation

B. Reduced blood flow to intestines

C. High potassium

D. Excessive peristalsis

Correct Answer: B – Gut motility stops due to hypoperfusion.

25. Hepatic failure in shock results from:

A. Liver infection

B. Prolonged hypoxia

C. High blood pressure

D. Allergic reaction

Correct Answer: B

26. DIC (disseminated intravascular coagulation) in shock involves:

A. No clotting at all

B. Widespread clotting → bleeding from depletion of factors

C. Blood becoming too thick

D. Rapid RBC destruction only

Correct Answer: B

27. Infection and septicemia occur in shock because:

A. Immune system is overstimulated

B. Intestinal mucosa becomes damaged → bacteria enter blood

C. Lungs remove bacteria

D. Sweat glands open

Correct Answer: B

28. Depressed cardiac function in late shock is due to:

A. High oxygen

B. Acidosis & ischemia

C. Extra ATP production

D. Calcium overdose

Correct Answer: B

1. Peripheral vascular disease is primarily caused by:

A. Viral infection

B. Atherosclerosis in arteries outside the heart

C. Low potassium

D. Fluid overload

Correct Answer: B

Reason: PVD = arterial narrowing due to plaque → ↓ blood flow to legs.

2. A classic symptom of arterial PVD is:

A. Warm legs

B. Bounding pulses

C. Intermittent claudication

D. Increased hair growth

Correct Answer: C

Intermittent claudication = pain when walking due to ischemia.

3. Physical exam findings in arterial PVD often include:

A. Strong pulses

B. Brown discoloration

C. Cool, pale extremities

D. Edema only

Correct Answer: C

4. An ulcer caused by arterial PVD is typically:

A. Painless

B. Deep and painful with well-defined edges

C. Oozing with brown drainage

D. Only on the thighs

Correct Answer: B

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DVT (DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS)

5. A major risk factor for DVT is:

A. Increased mobility

B. Prolonged bed rest or immobility

C. High protein intake

D. Low sodium diet

Correct Answer: B

6. A major danger of DVT is:

A. Heart attack

B. Pulmonary embolism

C. Stroke from carotid blockage

D. Orthostatic hypotension

Correct Answer: B

A clot in the leg can dislodge → PE → respiratory failure.

7. Typical DVT findings include:

A. Pale, cool skin

B. Pain, redness, and swelling in one leg

C. Bilateral swelling

D. Loss of pulses

Correct Answer: B

8. DVT is most often found in the:

A. Jugular vein

B. Deep veins of the legs

C. Brachial vein

D. Capillaries

Correct Answer: B

9. A patient develops sudden shortness of breath after having a DVT—this suggests:

A. Pneumonia

B. Pulmonary embolism

C. Gastritis

D. Anxiety attack

Correct Answer: B

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VARICOSE VEINS

10. Varicose veins are caused by:

A. Excessive arterial pressure

B. Incompetent venous valves

C. High sodium intake

D. Insufficient hemoglobin

Correct Answer: B

11. Varicose veins most commonly occur in:

A. Upper arms

B. Lower legs

C. Abdomen

D. Neck

Correct Answer: B

12. A major risk factor for varicose veins is:

A. Low-fat diet

B. Standing for long periods

C. Deep breathing exercises

D. High water intake

Correct Answer: B

13. Chronic venous insufficiency (from varicosities) often causes:

A. Pulmonary edema

B. Brownish discoloration of legs

C. Bright red spots

D. Skin tightening

Correct Answer: B

Due to breakdown of RBCs in tissues.

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THROMBOPHLEBITIS vs PHLEBOTHROMBOSIS

14. Thrombophlebitis involves:

A. Clots forming without inflammation

B. Inflammation of a vein with clot formation

C. A clogged artery

D. Pulmonary inflammation

Correct Answer: B

15. Phlebothrombosis differs because:

A. It always involves infection

B. Clot forms in a vein without inflammation

C. It is painless

D. It only occurs after surgery

Correct Answer: B

16. Thrombophlebitis is more dangerous because:

A. It never moves

B. Inflammation increases risk of embolus

C. It always causes stroke

D. It dissolves quickly

Correct Answer: B

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ANEURYSMS

17. An aneurysm is best defined as:

A. A clot that forms in a vein

B. A localized dilation and weakening of an arterial wall

C. A narrowing of the vessel lumen

D. A blocked capillary

Correct Answer: B

18. Atherosclerosis contributes to aneurysm formation by:

A. Strengthening arterial walls

B. Weakening the arterial wall through plaque

C. Raising RBC count

D. Improving elasticity

Correct Answer: B

19. A major complication of an untreated aneurysm is:

A. Dehydration

B. Rupture and massive hemorrhage

C. Fever

D. Skin breakdown

Correct Answer: B

20. A ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) typically causes:

A. Chest pain

B. Severe abdominal/back pain and shock

C. Slow bleeding with mild symptoms

D. Severe hypertension

Correct Answer: B

21. Cerebral aneurysms commonly cause:

A. Headaches and neurological deficits

B. Leg swelling

C. Pulmonary edema

D. Renal failure

Correct Answer: A

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COMPLICATIONS OF VASCULAR DISEASE

22. PVD can lead to which serious complication?

A. Increased heart rate

B. Tissue necrosis and gangrene

C. High WBC count

D. Increased hair growth

Correct Answer: B – Poor circulation → ischemia.

23. Untreated varicose veins can lead to:

A. Pulmonary edema

B. Chronic venous ulcers

C. MI

D. Kidney stones

Correct Answer: B

24. A DVT that embolizes usually travels first to the:

A. Brain

B. Lungs

C. Heart valves

D. Abdomen

Correct Answer: B

25. Aneurysm rupture is life-threatening due to:

A. Fluid retention

B. Massive internal bleeding

C. Low glucose

D. High blood viscosity

Correct Answer: B

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ARTERIAL VS VENOUS DISORDERS SUMMARY

26. Arterial insufficiency causes:

A. Warm skin

B. Bounding pulses

C. Cool, thin skin with weak pulses

D. Brown discoloration

Correct Answer: C

27. Venous insufficiency causes:

A. Pale skin

B. Cool skin

C. Brown discoloration and edema

D. Loss of hair only

Correct Answer: C

28. The pain in arterial PVD is typically:

A. Worse at rest

B. Worse with elevation

C. Better with walking

D. Triggered by breathing

Correct Answer: B – Elevation reduces blood flow further.

29. Pain in venous disease improves with:

A. Elevation of the legs

B. Walking

C. Cold temperatures

D. High salt intake

Correct Answer: A

30. A key difference between arterial and venous ulcers is:

A. Venous ulcers are painless

B. Arterial ulcers have smooth edges

C. Arterial ulcers are deep & painful; venous ulcers ooze

D. Venous ulcers cause absent pulses

Correct Answer: C