Conjugations

Mandatos/Subjunctivos

Mandatos - Commands

Subjunctivos - how you express hypothetical situations and outcomes

• Wishes, Impersonal expressions, Doubts, Emotions

Usted

(no) verb (yo form in present tense) - o + ar → e, er/ir → a

Irregulares:

Tú

verb (tú form in present tense) - s

no + verb (usted mandatos tense) + s

Irregulares:

con cláusulas adverbiales

Preterite

To describe a past action (or series of actions) that had a definite beginning and definite end

ar er/ir

Irregulares:

Imperfecto

To describe a past action or state which is incomplete

ar er/ir

Irregulares:

ir → iba, ibas, iba, íbamos, ibais, iban

ser → era, eras, era, éramos, erais, eran

ver → veía, veías, veía, veíamos, veíais, veían

Futuro

verb (infinitive form) + (é, ás, á, án, emos, éis, án)

Irregulares:

Condicional

To indicate probability or desire and is often used where “would” might be used in English.

verb (infinitive from) + (ía, ías, ía, íamos, íais, or ían)

Irregulares:

Participio pasado

past participle; an adjective formed from a verb

verb + (ar → ado, er/ir → ido)

Irregulares:

Pluscuamperfecto

past perfect

haber (imperfect form) + past participle

Other Random things

Para y por

Para

Destination

• Salimos para la estación.

Who or what something is for

• Estos binoculares son para tu papá.

When something is due

• Debe estar listo para la semana que viene.

purpose

• ¿Para qué sirve esto?

• Vine aquí para dártelos.

Por

Movement through space

• Los amigos caminaron por todo el valle.

Duration of time

• Acamparon en el bosque por cinco noches.

Manner or means

• Se enteró por internet.

Reason, motive, or on behalf of (someone)

• Trabají por Juan anoche.

Proportion, rate, or exchange

• El límite de velocidad es de 65 milas por hora.

Ser y estar

Use ser with an adjective to indicate the inherent qualities of people and things

• Mis amigos son reponsables.

• Las rosas son rojas.

Use estar with adjectives to indicate temporary conditions or states of people and things

• Está nublado, pero no va llover.

• Mi hermano menor está triste porque su perro see escapó.

Use estar with adjectives to express personal opinions.

• La abuelita está linda hoy, ¿verdad?

• Mmm… ¡Qué rica está la sopa!

Some adjectives have one meaning when used with ser and another meaning when used with estar.

Vocab

Familia

el suegro/la suegra - faither-in-law/mother-in-law

casado - married

la nuera - daughter-in-law

la cuñada - sister-in-law

el yerno - son-in-law

gemelos - twins

el padrino - godfather

la madrina - godmother

viudo - widowed

soltero - single

hermanastro/a - stepbrother/sister

padrastro - stepfather

madrastra - stepmother

ahijado - godchild

Unidad 3

acusado - accused person

agradecer - to thank

arrestar - to arrest

asaltar - to assault

averiguar - to find out

cárcel - jail

casarse - to marry

chocar - to crash

contra - against

crimen - crime

culpable - guilty

dar un discurso - to give a speech

desmayarse - to faint

entrevistar - to interview

estreno - premiere

inundanción - flood

juicio - judgement

jurado - judge

ladrón - thief

lograr - to achieve

matar - to kill

ocio - free time

ordenador - computer

periodismo - journalism

por suerte - luckily

por supuesto - of course

prensa - press

preocupado - worried

primeros auxilios - first aid

programación - TV guide

reportaje - report

rodear - to surround

rueda de prensa - press conference

salvar - to save

socorro - help

suceder - to happen

tener lugar - to take place

tormenta - storm

victima - victim

Unidad 4

acusar - to accuse

apoyar - to support

avisar - to let someone know

cargar - to charge

celoso - jealous

chismear - to gossip

colgar - to hang up

cometer un error - to make a mistake

comportamiento - behavior

comprensivo - understanding

confiar - to trust

considerado - considerate

consultar - to check

contar con - to count on

criticar - to criticize

culpa - fault

darse cuenta - to realize

dejar plantado - to stand someone up

desconfiar - to mistrust

descubrir - to find out

devolver - to return

discúlpame - forgive me

discusión - discussion

echar la culpa a alguien - to blame someone else

entrometido - nosy

estar equivocado - to be wrong

hacer caso - to listen

hacer las pacs - to make up

hacerlo sin querer - to do something without meaning to

hacer un cumplido - to compliment

lágrimas - tears

levantar la voz - to raise ones voice

marcar - to dial

no faltaba más - don’t mention it

pelea - fight

pensar en si mismo - to think of oneself

perder la paciencia - to lose patience

perdonar - to forgive

ponerse de acuerdo - to reach an agreement

reconciliarse - to make up with someone

red social - social media

tener en común - to have in common

tener la culpa - to be someone’s fault

Unidad 5

a punto de partir - about to leave

acampar - to camp

acelerador - gas pedal

acelerar - to speed up

afueras - suburbs

ajustar - to adjust

atasco - traffic jam

autopista - highway

bocacalle - street entrance

boletería - ticket office

brújula - compass

casco - helmet

ceder el paso - to yield

con retraso - delayed

cruce de peatones - pedestrian crosswalk

dar una caminata - to take a final

disminuir - to slow down

escalar - to climb

espejo retrovisor - rearview mirror

exigir - to demand

fogata - camp fire

fósforo - matches

glorieta - traffic circle

linterna - flashlight

llenar el tanque - to fill up the gas tank

marcha atrás - reverse gear

normas de tránsito - traffic rules

obra en construcción - construction site

pare - stop

parquímetro - parking meter

pisar - to step on

poner una multa - to give a ticket

prudente - cautious

saco de dormir - sleeping bag

sendero - path

tienda de acampar - tent

transbordo - transfer

tren rápido - express train

tren local - local train

vagón - train car

viajero -traveler

Unidad 6

aguacero - rain

albergue juvenil - youth hostel

asustarse - to get scared

atravesar - to go through

balsa - raft

bañera - bathtub

blando - soft

bucear - to scuba dive

cabalgata - horseback ride

cancha de tenis - tennis court

conserje - concierge

dar a - to look onto

detalle - detail

disponible - available

embarcar - to board

fastidiar - to bother

firme - firm

gastar - to spend

hacer fila - to stand in line

malentendido - misunderstanding

mariposa - butterfly

medio ambiente - environment

navegar por rápidos - to go white-water rafting

negar - to deny

niebla - fog

nube - cloud

oso perezoso - sloth

perder - to miss

planear - to plan

por adelantado - in advance

presentarse - to show up

proteger - to protect

quetzal - quetzal

refugio de vida silvestre - wildlife refuge

relajarse - to relax

relámpago - lighting

retrasado - delayed

retraso - delay

sin previo aviso - without advanced notice

sorprender - to surprise

sujeto a cambio - subject to change

tan pronto como - as soon as

tarjeta de embarque - boarding pass

trueno - thunder

turbulencia - turbulence

volcán - volcano