Lecture on the French Revolution and Napoleon

Overview of the French Revolution and Napoleonic Era

• Timeline of Key Events
  • 1774-1795: End of Absolutism and the French Revolution
  • 1795-1815: Rise of Napoleon and his impact

Section 1: The Origins of the French Revolution, 1774-1789

• Absolutism and the Ancien Régime

  • The French monarchy, ruled by Louis XVI
  • Social structure divided into estates, with the First Estate (clergy), Second Estate (nobility), and Third Estate (commoners)

• Economic Problems and Royal Finance

  • Key attempts to reform royal finances:
  • Turgot (1774-76)
  • Necker (1777-81)
  • Calonne (1783-87)
  • Social divisions contributed to unrest; Third Estate burdened with high taxation

• Intellectual Influences

  • Impact of Enlightenment thought: influence of philosophes and the salons
  • American Revolution inspiration and its influence on French citizens

• Developments Leading to Revolution

  • Assembly of Notables (1787) conflict, political breakdown (1788), and the Estates-General (1789)

Section 2: Experiment in Constitutional Monarchy, 1789-1792

• Political and Social Changes

  • Establishment of the National Assembly and Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (1789)
  • Political clubs, sans-culottes rise, and conflict with King Louis XVI

• The Radical Phase

  • Reign of Terror (1793-1794) led by Robespierre
  • Execution of Louis XVI
  • Rise of political factions and subsequent instability

Section 3: Emergence and Spread of Terror, September 1792-1795

• War and Internal Conflict

  • External wars against Austria, Prussia and internal revolts (The Vendée)
  • Establishment of wartime control and policies to manage crisis

• Decline of the Terror

  • Fall of Robespierre (1794) and end of the Reign of Terror

Section 4: The Rise of Napoleon and His Impact on France, 1795-1815

• Military Campaigns

  • Notable campaigns: Italian (1796-1797), Egyptian (1798-1799) impacting European geopolitics
  • Consolidation of power through military success

• Napoleonic Reforms

  • Establishment of the Consulate and new constitution (Year VIII)
  • Introduction of the Napoleonic Code; legal and administrative reforms

• Expansion and Empire

  • Reasons for military success; control of Grand Empire
  • Economic and social policies within the Empire: Blockade, social changes, and centralization of power

Section 5: The Collapse of the Empire

• Major Events Leading to Downfall

  • Campaigns: The Russian campaign, Peninsular War, and the War of the Fourth Coalition
  • The Hundred Days; first and second Peace of Paris (1814, 1815)

• Legacy of Napoleon

  • Disposition of France post-Napoleon; impact of the Vienna settlement
  • Shift in political ideologies in Europe post-Napoleonic Wars

Glossary

• Napoleonic Codes: A set of civil laws established by Napoleon to reform legal systems, emphasizing equality before the law and secular governance.

• Consulate: The government established in France after the fall of the Directory; led by Napoleon, it marked the transition to a more autocratic regime.

• Reign of Terror: A period during the French Revolution characterized by extreme political repression and mass executions of perceived enemies of the revolution.

Summary

• Understanding the complexities of the French Revolution and Napoleon's rise and fall is crucial in grasping the drastic transformations in French society and governance during the late 18th and early 19th centuries. This period laid the groundwork for modern political systems in Europe and influenced future declarations of human rights and governance principles.