Science

FORMATION OF VOLCANOES

Pacific Ring of Fire - an active region in the basin of the Pacific Ocean

Magma - hot liquid, or semi-liquid material below or within the Earth’s crust

Lava - hot molten or semifluid rock erupted from a volcano

Mt. Kilauea - the most active volcano in the world, found on the island of Hawaii

Mt. Etna - the largest active volcano in Europe and can be found in Sicily

Mt. Piton de la Fournaise or The Peak of the Furnance - is considered one of the three most active volcanoes worldwide

Mt. Santa Maria - is considered one of the largest eruptions in the 20th century and is located in Guatemala

Mt. Nyiragongo - the most active volcano in Africa and lies in the Democratic Republic of Congo

 Stromboli Volcano - found in Stromboli, erupted constantly over 200 years, and the lighthouse of the Mediterranean

Mt. Yasur - the lighthouse of the Pacific and located on Tanna Island in Vanuatu

Sangay Volcano - has a perfect steep cone and its summit is covered with glaciers in Ecuador

Mt. Helen - the most destructive and deadliest volcanic event in the history of the USA and located in Washington

CLASSIFICATION OF VOLCANOES BASED ON ERUPTIVE PATTERNS AND CHARACTERISTIC FORMS

Shield Volcano - has a broad summit area that resembles a warrior’s shield, made of fluid lava flows

Cinder Cone or Scoria Cone - a steep, conical hill of volcanic debris deposited around a volcanic vent, the smallest type of volcano

Composite Volcano or Stratovolcano - a tall, conical volcano built by several strata or layers of eruptive materials, such as hardened lava, tephra, and volcanic ash.

NATURE OF VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS

Lava Flow - a mass of lava or molten rocks flowing downslope from the vent

Andesitic lava flow - has a high viscosity

Rhyolitic lava flow - has a high viscosity

Basaltic lava flow - flows in thin, broad sheets because of its low viscosity

aa flows - have surfaced of rough, jagged blocks with dangerously sharp edges

pahoehoe flows - exhibit smooth surfaces, on which one can walk

Lava tubes - hardened basaltic flows that commonly contain cave-like tunnels

Pyroclastic materials - pulverized rocks, volcanic blocks, basaltic bombs, lava, ash, glass fragments, and gases that volcanoes eject from the vent. Materials that volcanoes eject from the vent.

Pyroclastic flow - a flow of hot, dry mass of gases and fragments

Pyroclastic surge - a high-velocity current of rocks, gases, or water.

Tephra flows - consist of volcanic rocks and crystals

Lahar - a type of mudflow that consists of water, volcanic ash, pyroclastic materials, and debris

THEORIES ON VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS

Buoyancy - the ability to float in the fluid

Solubility - the amount of gases that magma can hold

Brimming - the magma rises because of the additional push exerted by the injected magma

STRENGTH OF VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS

Viscosity - the higher the temperature, the less viscous

Silica Content - the higher the silica content, the higher the viscous

Amount of dissolved gases - dissolved gases cannot increase in pressure

WEATHER AND CLIMATE

Weather

Weather - the ^^condition of the atmosphere^^ at a particular place and time; short-term

Different kinds of weather - Sunny day, Windy day, Rainy day, Cloudy day, Stormy day

Climate

Climate - the ^^average weather condition^^ in an area based on the average weather experienced for 30 years or more. It is long-term and predictable.

Climatology - the ^^branch of atmospheric science^^ that describes climate

Climatologists - ^^people who study climate^^

The climate is affected by two factors:

1. Temperature
  • Latitude - ^^horizontal,^^ measurement of the distance, Tropical, Temperate, Polar
  • Altitude - ^^vertical^^, height above sea level, the higher the altitude, the lower the temperature
  • Bodies of water - ^^ocean heats up and cools down more slowly,^^ the warmer the land, the cooler the sea, and vice versa
2. Precipitation - water released from clouds in the form of rain, freezing rain, sleet, snow, hale

Prevailing Winds - wind patterns

^^Northeast monsoon - (Amihan)^^

^^Southwest monsoon - (Habagat)^^

Monsoon - ^^seasonal rain and wind pattern^^

Transpiration - the ^^exhalation^^ of water vapor through the stomata

Stomata - any of the minute ^^pores in the epidermis of the leaf^^ or stem of a plan

Mountain Ranges - ^^block the path of prevailing winds, rain mainly falls on the windward side (right), leeward (left)^^

5 Main Climate groups in the Köppen Geiger Climate

  1. Tropical or Megathermal - ^^has no winter,^^ the average temperature of 18°C or higher
  2. Dry - ^^low precipitation rate^^
  3. Mid Temperate or Mesothermal - ^^winters are mild^^
  4. Continental or Microthermal - ^^winters are severe^^
  5. Polar - ^^no summer^^

Tropical Climates Subtypes

  1. Tropical wet Climates - always hot and humid with ^^heavy rainfall^^ throughout the year
  2. Tropical wet and dry - always hot with ^^alternating wet and dry^^ seasons

Dry Climate Subtypes

  1. Arid - true dessert climate, hot to extremely hot summers, mild, or cold winters
  2. Semiarid - higher precipitation rate than of an arid climate

Mild Temperate Subtypes

  1. Marine west coast - ^^western^^ side of the continent, and coolest mild temperate
  2. Mediterranean - warmer and drier than marine west cost, warm, ^^dry summer^^, and mild, rainy winters
  3. Humid subtropical - ^^eastern^^ side of the continent, and warmest

Continental Climate Subtypes

  1. Humid continental climate - ^^humid^^, mild to warm summers and cool winters
  2. Subarctic - ^^north^^ of the regions with a humid continental climate, short, cool summers with light precipitation, and long, cool winters

Polar Climate Subtypes

  1. Tundra - ^^short, cold summer^^ and very cold winters
  2. Icecap - the average temperature of 0° or below, and the ^^coldest climate^^ on earth

Greenhouse gases - carbon dioxide, water vapor, nitrous oxide, and methane

GLOBAL CLIMATE PHENOMENA

El Niño - Spanish term for “the boy child,” and described as the annual southward flow of warm equatorial waters that often occurs around Christmas time.

La Niña - Spanish term for “the girl child,” and described as the unusual cooling of the surface waters of the Pacific Ocean along the western coast of South America.

Global Warming - because people are stupid that doesnt know how to take care of plants and etc