Key Terms Flashcards

Growth Mindset

• Characterized by the belief that abilities and intelligence can be developed through dedication and hard work.

Fixed Mindset

• The belief that one's basic qualities, like intelligence or talent, are fixed traits and cannot be changed.

Self-Efficacy

• One's belief in their ability to succeed in specific situations or accomplish a task.

SMART Goals

• Goals that are Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, and Time-bound.

Intrinsic Motivation

• Motivation that comes from internal factors, such as enjoyment or satisfaction.

Extrinsic Motivation

• Motivation that comes from external factors, such as rewards or praise.

Eisenhower Box

• A time management tool used to prioritize tasks based on urgency and importance, categorizing them into:
  • Urgent and Important (Do First)
  • Important but Not Urgent (Schedule)
  • Urgent but Not Important (Delegate)
  • Neither Urgent nor Important (Eliminate).

Understanding Credit

• Knowledge and awareness of how credit works, including credit scores, interest rates, and debt management.

Deliberate Practice

• A structured approach to improvement that involves focused effort, specific goals, feedback, and reflection.

Test Anxiety

• A psychological condition in which a person experiences distress before, during, or after a test or exam.

Eustress

• Positive stress that can be motivating and enhancing.

Distress

• Negative stress that can lead to psychological and physiological problems.

Primary Appraisal

• The initial evaluation of a situation to determine whether it is a threat.

Secondary Appraisal

• An evaluation of one's resources and options for coping with a stressful situation.

Emotional, Physiological, and Social

• The different types of responses to stress, including emotional reactions, physical symptoms, and changes in social behavior.

Misconceptions of Multitasking

• The false belief that one can effectively perform multiple tasks simultaneously.

Surface-Level Diversity

• Differences among individuals based on readily observable characteristics, such as race, gender, and age.

Deep-Level Diversity

• Differences among individuals based on values, beliefs, attitudes, and personality.

Bloom's Taxonomy

• A hierarchical framework used to classify educational learning objectives into levels of complexity and specificity. The levels are:
  • Remembering
  • Understanding
  • Applying
  • Analyzing
  • Evaluating
  • Creating

Regulation

• The act of controlling or directing something according to a rule.

Cultural Competency

• The ability to understand, appreciate, and interact effectively with people from cultures or belief systems different from one's own.

Unconscious Incompetence

• Not knowing that one lacks a skill or knowledge.

Conscious Incompetence

• Knowing that one lacks a skill or knowledge.

Critical Thinking

• The objective analysis and evaluation of an issue in order to form a judgment.

Cognitive Processing

• The mental processes involved in perceiving, learning, remembering, thinking, and problem-solving.

Memory

• The faculty by which the brain encodes, stores, and retrieves information.

Creative Thinking

• The ability to generate new ideas or concepts, or to make new associations between existing ideas or concepts.

Practical Thinking

• The ability to solve problems and adapt to everyday life situations.

Analytical Thinking

• The ability to analyze information, evaluate evidence, and draw conclusions.

Forms of Intelligence

• Different types of intellectual abilities, such as linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalistic intelligence.

Knowledge vs. Regulation

• Understanding factual information versus the ability to control and manage one's learning processes.

Metacognition

• Awareness and understanding of one's own thought processes.

Encoding

• The process of converting information into a form that can be stored in memory.
  • Automatic Processing: Encoding that occurs unconsciously and requires minimal attention ($autop$).
  • Effortful Processing: Encoding that requires conscious attention and effort ($effort$).

Storage

• The retention of encoded information over time.
  • Sensory Memory: The immediate, initial recording of sensory information in the memory system ($sensory$).
  • Short-Term Memory: Activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as digits of a phone number while calling, before the information is stored or forgotten ($short$).
  • Long-Term Memory: The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system ($long$).

Retrieval

• The process of accessing and bringing stored information into conscious awareness.
  • Recall: Retrieving information that is not currently in your conscious awareness but was learned at an earlier time ($recall$).
  • Recognition: Identifying items previously learned ($recognize$).
  • Relearn: Learning something more quickly when you learn it a second or later time ($relearn$).

5 Stages of Listening Process

• Receiving
• Understanding
• Evaluating
• Remembering
• Responding

3 Degrees of Active Listening

• Repeat
• Paraphrase
• Reflect

Note Taking Systems

• Methods and strategies for effectively recording information during lectures or while reading.

Job vs. Career

• Job: A specific task or role performed for payment ($job$).
• Career: A long-term professional journey with growth and development ($career$).

RIASEC Model

• A model that categorizes interests and personality types to match individuals with suitable careers. RIASEC stands for: Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, and Conventional.

5 Stages of Career Development

• Grow
• Explore
• Establish
• Maintain
• Reinvent

Hard Skills

• Specific, teachable abilities that can be measured and defined ($hard skills$).

Soft Skills

• Personal attributes that enable someone to interact effectively and harmoniously with other people ($soft skills$).

SQ3R

• Survey, Question, Read, Recite, Review: A reading comprehension method named for its five steps

Types of College Reading

• Different strategies and approaches for reading textbooks, articles, and other academic materials.