the populists were dead but left a legacy
inspired others to seek action
Progressives dominated the 1910s and 1920s
urban, middle-class reformers who wanted to increase the role of government in reform and have a capitalist economy
Progressives were urban and middle-class
Economic and political clout in the movement, more so than Populists
Could devote more time to the movement, did not intensify regional and class differences either
Roots:
Growing associations and organizations (Womens Suffrage, Bar Assoc.)
People were already rallied
Muckrakers boosted them when they exposed misconduct and greed of corporations
The Jungle by Upton Sinclair in particular
New groups fought discrimination
W.E.B. Du Bois with the NAACP
Feminist movement with Margaret Sanger
19th Amendment for women’s vote in 1920
Robert La Follette led progressivism in state leaders
implemented direct election plans, progressive taxation, rail regulation
states extended power to voters with ballot initiative, referendum, and recall power
Theodore Roosevelt was a Progressive and the best one!
succeeded assassinated McKinley
More liberal early on
Sherman Antitrust Act used to break up major railroad company and other monopolies multiple times
Negotiated labor conflict with coal miners
Meat Inspection Act
Pure Food and Drug Act
Conservationist
New Nationalism
William Howard Taft
1908 election
16th amendment (national income tax)
17th Amendment (direct election of senators)
Pursued monopolies aggressively
Dollar diplomacy foreign policy
tried to secure favorable latin american dan east asian relations by proivding loans
Conservative republican
Woodrow Wilson
third progressive potus
Democrat
New Freedom
Federal government had to assume greater business control to protect freedoms
Monopolies violated freedom for workes and consumers
Federal Trade Commission
Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914
Federal Reserve System
WWI ended Progressivism influence
Red Scare split it even furhter
Roosevelt was an imperalist
Platt Amendment cornered Cuba into American control
Cuba: no treaties with other ocuntires wihtout US approval, US had the right to interfere in Cuban affairs, increased military invovlement
Interventionsit thorughout Latin America
Panama Canal
Colombia asked US to spend more than it thought they should for it, offered Panamanian rebels a chance to revolt and supported said revolution until the deal betttered itself
Roosevelt Corollary (Big Stick Diplomacy)
American foreign policy contienud to adhere to the Monroe Doctrine
International police force and internvetion in WEstern hemisphere where natinal securiyt was threanted
No invovlment in European affairs
wwi woudl test this
America and English ties were becoming healthier
England opposed no american forays into southern america
Britain was trying to gain an ally in the coming war
America tried to stay out of the war at first
Wilson won 1912 election against Roosevelt and Taft, entering with 40% of the vote
thought america shoudl stay out of the simmering war
Neutrailty was the American policy starting august 1914 with wwi beginning
hoped that us would be the arbitor and settle confict
England had a blockade that would stop shipments going to Germany, especially American sihpments
Germany countered this with Uboats
German submarines sank Lusitania, killing 128 Americans depsite thier claims to adhere international law
Congress was in a state of preparedness in case fo war, though Americans adn everyoen wanted to stay out of it
there was support for entry growing, though
1917: Zimmermann telegram was intercepted and showed that if Mexico agreed to delcare War on America they’d get their land lost in the end of the Mexican-American war back
Suggested similar clausess for Jpaan
America declared war
Government power exapnded greatly during teh WWI era
Telephone, railraod, and telegraph lines were seized under a beauricacy
Civil liberties were restricted
Espionage Act of 1917 prohibited anyone from using teh mail system to inerefere with teh war effort or the draft
SEidtion Act of 1918 prevented the sale of war bonds or speaking badly of the governemtn and America
Violated first Amendment but were worded so vaguely the courts had leeway
Schenck v. US decided that freedom of speech can be violatedwith teh clear and present danger test
Russian REvolution introduced Bolsehvik as leader
Americans had the Red Scare of 1917
AMericans feared communism taking over the nation
Radical labor unions were branded enemies (IWW)
FBI was created
Palmer Raids of early 1920 raided all sorts of locations in search of communism
immigrants were deported
Committee on Public Information created to sponsor wartime propaganda
Wartime generated opportunity for women
means of employment changed, giong from domestic work to factories
Great Migration of SOuthern African Americans to Chicago, New York, St. Louis and Detroit in search of work
Fourteen Points were Wilson’s contirbution to the negoitatiosn at the nd of the war
Not passed
Called for free trade through lower tariffs and freedom of the seas, reduction in arms supplies on all sides, and promotion of self-determination (end of colonialism)
Also called for League of Nations, intedned to remedy peace settlemetn flaws
Treaty of Versailles made Geramny cede German adn colonial territoires, disarm, pay reparations, and admit fault
Did create League of Nations
America never joined the League of Nations because the Senate refused to rafiy it
America returend to isolationsim and less european interaction generally
Progressivism ended and introduced new ideas of large and successful businesses
Probusinesses era of the govnerment
Regulatory agencies often assisted instead of just regulating
Labor unions lost public favor
Warren Harding, Calvin Coolidge, and Herbert Hoover were the business Republican POTUSes
Harding
corrupt advisors
teapot dome scandal
oil companies bribed the secretary of the interior to drill on public lands
more liberal than wilson with civil liberties
antilynching laws and helped farmers
Coolidge
Conservative economic policies
lower income tax rates
Temproary declien in populairyt of labor uniosn, with memebrship dropping and businessmen offering mro ebenefits
Cars!!!
Became more affordable with teh assembly line and mass production, lowering cotss
Many moved to suburbs and made the car a necessity instead of luxury
Radio changed culture
ten million families had one
Advertising became more prosperious with hyping these products
Women entered teh workforce more because of these new products and needing jobs
Roaring Twenties
flapper dress
new attitudes
short hair
emanicpated women
modernization of women!!
Movies were more popular, as were authors like Hemingway and F. Scott Fitzgerald
Harlem Renaissance in NYC with Langston Hughes and Zora Neale Hurston and jazz
Many protested this new modern culture
KKK grew strongly and widened targets from African Americans to Jews, ubranities, and anyone deviant
Anti-immigration groups grew targetting those from south and Eastern Europe
Emergency Quota Act set immigration quotas based on national origins and sicmriatned against immigrants from Southern adn Eastern Europe
Chinese Exclusion Act overturned in 1943
Scopes Monkey Trial when a teacher atught evolution and many protested
Prohibition
banned manufacture, sale, and tarnpsort of alchool
Eighteenth Amendment
Response to reofrm campaigns by many (espeically chirsitan women)
Repealed with 21st amendment
Gangster era with lots of crime
Republican Presidnet, able to use a strong economy to get the win
October 1929 was the Stock Market Crash of 1929
Hoover underestimated the damage
WWI had put Europe in a depression too
Farmers had been overproducing outsripping the piblcis abilty to buy the food
Supply exceeded demand far too much, an underlying cuase of the Great Depression that led to deflation, unemployment, and buisnesses failures
Government laxity with large business regulation led to concentrations of wealth in big businessmen
Millions lost jobs, went bankrupt, lost savings
Hoovervilles were built for the homeless
Dust Bowl of the Midwest hurt famers even more whiel they suffered foreclosuresand evictions
Hoover opposed federal relief efforst because they violated his idea of rugged invidualism but he initiated a few farm assitance programs and federal works projects when he saw how it worsened
Hawley-Smoot Tariff was passed in an effort to help but it worsened everything
highest protective tariff in history
COngress consdiered early beenfit papyments for WWI vets when they came to Washington to ask for them
HOover ordered hte army to expel them and ruined his chances of reelection
Franklin D. Roosevelt was next, aruging for an interventionsit govnemrnet and relief payments
Roosevelt’s sweeping reforms in response to the Great Depression
Early in 1933 they began
First Hundred Days of presidency were extremly productive
Emergency Banking Relief Bill put poorly managed banks under Treasury Department and gave them govenrmetn liscences
Fireside chats to comfort the nation
ONce bansk healed, hte Banking Act of 1933 was passed to create the Federal Deposti INsurance Corporation (FDIC) to guarantee depostis to prevent losing money again
INflationary measures were inlcuded to raise prices and flow money
National Industrial Recovery Act consolidated businesses and coordinated activites to eliminate overproduction adn stabilize prices
Public Works Administration
created jobs for many
Civilian Conservation Corps proivded grants for PWA projects in states
Tenessee Valley Authority managed energy distirubtion
Securities and Exchange COmmission reuglated the stock market
Immediate success politically and eoncomically with unemployment falling and wages rising
Democrats won!
COnservatives disliked the New Deal because of the governmenet’s power and involvement
They opposed the higher taxes of the New Deal and the increase of business control the government had; saw relief programs as incentive for the poor to stay that way
Deficit spending increased, and they had heart attacks
Huey Long and other Leftists saw many policies as immoral and wrongly favoring certain organizations
Socialists were gaining popularity calling for government takeovers of businesses
New Deal programs became dismantled by SCOTUS in 1935
NIRA was invalidated because it was unconstitutional to make laws that created it
Roosevelt argued that the depression created a national crisis that warranted the New Deal and its policies
Court packing scheme began for Roosevelt to pack the court with democrats to support him, never happened
Second New Deal began with the Emergency Relief Appropriation Act
created Works Progress Administration that created jobs paid by the government
Second Hundred Days
Agricultural Adjustment Act
provided payments to farmers in return for their agreement to cut production
Farm Credit Act
loans for farmers in case of foreclosure
Second 100 Days
NLRB were democratized unions that punished businesses with anti-union policies
Social Security Administration provided retirement benefits
Taxes on wealthy were increased
New Deal coalition were union members, urbanites, underclass, and more who supported it and Democrats
Roosevelt’s respnose to the Great depression was guided by these economics
Delibertae deficit spending woudl ensure that every dollar spent woudl reviev the economy
People who needed money the most received a little extra to spend and that woudl start teh ccle anew
First major failure came as term began
Judicial Reogrnaiaztion bill drafteed during anger with SCOTUS for overutnring most fo the first new deal’s policies
proposed that Roosevelt be allowed to anme a new federal judge for every sitting judge 70+ and unretired
would add six new SOCTUS justices and 40 more federal judges
packing teh court effort
bill was defeated and he was critized for trying to seize too muhc power
Recession of 1937
period oc ocinitually decreasing output
Roosevelt was satfiseifed that the New Deal was owrking adn cut back programs to balance the budget
Federal Reserve BOard tightened the credit supply to slow inflation
These two things caused it
Lasted three yeras
Europe woudl fight again, denting his term once more
He withdrew money form programs to justify military buildup
Fair Labor Standards Act was passed to set minimum wage act
END OF NEW DEAL ERA
Yes, IT WORKED | No, IT FAILED |
---|---|
Thousand escaped poverty | Unemployment rates didn’t escape double digits |
Immediate relief | Too samll and short lived |
Refomred banking and union relations | Recession of 1937 |
Took bold chnaces in conservative america | Wasn’t equally beneficial |
Policy objectives: maintaining peace and isolationism
Treaty from Washington Conference agreed to set limits on stockplicng armaments and reaffirmed Open Door Policy with China
Kellogg-Briand Pact condmemed war as a means of roeign policy
no enforemcent but was still good first step
Latin America
Stepped away from interventionist policies
Good Neighbor Policy instead starting 1934
Still promoted interests in Latin America
Platt Amendment was repealed
Economic coercion and support of pro-American leaders was maintainted
Maintianted storng but nonthreatneting military presence
Asia
LEss influence
Japan went to war against China and Manchuria
Govnerment didn’t embargo shipping to Japan for fear of provoking a war iwth them too
Republican adminstraiotns allowed protectionism with tariffs, keeping them high
Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act allowed the POTSU to reduce tariffs if he felt doing so would ahcieve foreing policy goals
Nye Commission reported enough to makme Congress pass neutrality acts to stay out of the war
prohibited sale of arms to belligerents in war and loans to them too
Roosevelt poured money into the military just in case of WWII
lobbies for erepeal of arms embargo
COngress relented with neutrality act that allowed arms sales
required Allies to pay cash for weapons and come to America to pick them up with own ships
Roosevelt readied America for participation once Poland fell
Roosevelt ran for a third term and won
Roosevelt worked to assist ithe allies against neutrality acts restircting him
he got creative
supplied allies with extra weapons and ships with Lend-Lease Act
Japan etnered an alliance with Germany and Italy in 1940, France had fallen, British were fighitng HItler
America repsonded to Japanese aggression by cutting off trade to them that htey needed
Pearl Harbor in Hawaii and its attacks began American participation in the war
Complicated military strategy was seen in WWII
Allies met to discuss stratgegy adn postwar sitaution many times
SOviet Union and West allied against Germany too with Stalin
Roosevelt, Stalin, and CHurchill met in Tehran to plan D-Day, the Normandy invsaion and to agree to divide Germany into occupation zones after they won
Stalin entered the war against Japan once Hitler had been defeated
Allies fought until 1944 with D-Day
Axis powers were defeated by two atomic bombs on Japan
Rationing was done for nearly all consumer goods
Radar, sonar, and tomic bomb had developed
Labor Dipsute Act passed inreaction to stirkes
Hollywood created propaganda films
SElective Training adn SErvice Act of 1940 signed by FDR to create a peacetime draft
New opporutnies and tensiosn created
African Americnas served in segregated unions
desegregated by Truman in 1948
Rosie the Riveter motiaved women to work in indsutrial jobs
Japanese-American internment began in 1942
govnerment restriction of ciivl iiberites
americans feared that they were spies and enemy agets
SCOTUS upheld this with the USC, ruling that civil liberties could be curtialed and vilated in time of war
Korematsu v. US decided this
Allies met to discuss Europe’s fate in ‘45 in Yalta
Soviets wanted a buffer zone between them and Western Europe to surround himeslf with friendly nations to them
romania and iron curtain
Allies agreed to:
USSR would declare war on Japan
United Nations would be created to mediate future disputes like this
Truman repped America in Potsdam, but it went badly because SU and USA no longer had common enemy
Potsdam declaration was created to estbalish terms for Japanese surrender
Atomic bomb was used in Japan in Hiroshima and Nagasaki that caused Japan to surrender in 1945