Unit 7 Notes on Prep Book

The Early 20th Century (1890-1945)

The Progressive Era and World War I Era (1900-1920)

  • the populists were dead but left a legacy

    • inspired others to seek action

  • Progressives dominated the 1910s and 1920s

    • urban, middle-class reformers who wanted to increase the role of government in reform and have a capitalist economy

The Progressive Movement

  • Progressives were urban and middle-class

  • Economic and political clout in the movement, more so than Populists

  • Could devote more time to the movement, did not intensify regional and class differences either

  • Roots:

    • Growing associations and organizations (Womens Suffrage, Bar Assoc.)

    • People were already rallied

  • Muckrakers boosted them when they exposed misconduct and greed of corporations

    • The Jungle by Upton Sinclair in particular

  • New groups fought discrimination

    • W.E.B. Du Bois with the NAACP

    • Feminist movement with Margaret Sanger

      • 19th Amendment for women’s vote in 1920

  • Robert La Follette led progressivism in state leaders

    • implemented direct election plans, progressive taxation, rail regulation

    • states extended power to voters with ballot initiative, referendum, and recall power

  • Theodore Roosevelt was a Progressive and the best one!

    • succeeded assassinated McKinley

    • More liberal early on

    • Sherman Antitrust Act used to break up major railroad company and other monopolies multiple times

    • Negotiated labor conflict with coal miners

    • Meat Inspection Act

    • Pure Food and Drug Act

    • Conservationist

    • New Nationalism

  • William Howard Taft

    • 1908 election

    • 16th amendment (national income tax)

    • 17th Amendment (direct election of senators)

    • Pursued monopolies aggressively

    • Dollar diplomacy foreign policy

      • tried to secure favorable latin american dan east asian relations by proivding loans

    • Conservative republican

  • Woodrow Wilson

    • third progressive potus

    • Democrat

    • New Freedom

    • Federal government had to assume greater business control to protect freedoms

    • Monopolies violated freedom for workes and consumers

    • Federal Trade Commission

    • Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914

    • Federal Reserve System

  • WWI ended Progressivism influence

  • Red Scare split it even furhter

Foreign Policy and US Entry into WWI

  • Roosevelt was an imperalist

  • Platt Amendment cornered Cuba into American control

    • Cuba: no treaties with other ocuntires wihtout US approval, US had the right to interfere in Cuban affairs, increased military invovlement

  • Interventionsit thorughout Latin America

  • Panama Canal

    • Colombia asked US to spend more than it thought they should for it, offered Panamanian rebels a chance to revolt and supported said revolution until the deal betttered itself

  • Roosevelt Corollary (Big Stick Diplomacy)

  • American foreign policy contienud to adhere to the Monroe Doctrine

    • International police force and internvetion in WEstern hemisphere where natinal securiyt was threanted

    • No invovlment in European affairs

      • wwi woudl test this

  • America and English ties were becoming healthier

    • England opposed no american forays into southern america

    • Britain was trying to gain an ally in the coming war

  • America tried to stay out of the war at first

  • Wilson won 1912 election against Roosevelt and Taft, entering with 40% of the vote

    • thought america shoudl stay out of the simmering war

  • Neutrailty was the American policy starting august 1914 with wwi beginning

    • hoped that us would be the arbitor and settle confict

  • England had a blockade that would stop shipments going to Germany, especially American sihpments

    • Germany countered this with Uboats

    • German submarines sank Lusitania, killing 128 Americans depsite thier claims to adhere international law

  • Congress was in a state of preparedness in case fo war, though Americans adn everyoen wanted to stay out of it

    • there was support for entry growing, though

  • 1917: Zimmermann telegram was intercepted and showed that if Mexico agreed to delcare War on America they’d get their land lost in the end of the Mexican-American war back

    • Suggested similar clausess for Jpaan

  • America declared war

World War I and the Aftermath

  • Government power exapnded greatly during teh WWI era

  • Telephone, railraod, and telegraph lines were seized under a beauricacy

  • Civil liberties were restricted

    • Espionage Act of 1917 prohibited anyone from using teh mail system to inerefere with teh war effort or the draft

    • SEidtion Act of 1918 prevented the sale of war bonds or speaking badly of the governemtn and America

    • Violated first Amendment but were worded so vaguely the courts had leeway

  • Schenck v. US decided that freedom of speech can be violatedwith teh clear and present danger test

  • Russian REvolution introduced Bolsehvik as leader

  • Americans had the Red Scare of 1917

    • AMericans feared communism taking over the nation

    • Radical labor unions were branded enemies (IWW)

    • FBI was created

    • Palmer Raids of early 1920 raided all sorts of locations in search of communism

      • immigrants were deported

  • Committee on Public Information created to sponsor wartime propaganda

  • Wartime generated opportunity for women

    • means of employment changed, giong from domestic work to factories

  • Great Migration of SOuthern African Americans to Chicago, New York, St. Louis and Detroit in search of work

  • Fourteen Points were Wilson’s contirbution to the negoitatiosn at the nd of the war

    • Not passed

    • Called for free trade through lower tariffs and freedom of the seas, reduction in arms supplies on all sides, and promotion of self-determination (end of colonialism)

    • Also called for League of Nations, intedned to remedy peace settlemetn flaws

  • Treaty of Versailles made Geramny cede German adn colonial territoires, disarm, pay reparations, and admit fault

    • Did create League of Nations

  • America never joined the League of Nations because the Senate refused to rafiy it

  • America returend to isolationsim and less european interaction generally

The Jazz Age and the Great Depression (1920-1933)

Pro-Business Republican Administrations

  • Progressivism ended and introduced new ideas of large and successful businesses

  • Probusinesses era of the govnerment

    • Regulatory agencies often assisted instead of just regulating

  • Labor unions lost public favor

  • Warren Harding, Calvin Coolidge, and Herbert Hoover were the business Republican POTUSes

  • Harding

    • corrupt advisors

    • teapot dome scandal

      • oil companies bribed the secretary of the interior to drill on public lands

    • more liberal than wilson with civil liberties

    • antilynching laws and helped farmers

  • Coolidge

    • Conservative economic policies

    • lower income tax rates

  • Temproary declien in populairyt of labor uniosn, with memebrship dropping and businessmen offering mro ebenefits

Modern Culture

  • Cars!!!

  • Became more affordable with teh assembly line and mass production, lowering cotss

  • Many moved to suburbs and made the car a necessity instead of luxury

  • Radio changed culture

    • ten million families had one

  • Advertising became more prosperious with hyping these products

  • Women entered teh workforce more because of these new products and needing jobs

  • Roaring Twenties

    • flapper dress

    • new attitudes

    • short hair

    • emanicpated women

    • modernization of women!!

  • Movies were more popular, as were authors like Hemingway and F. Scott Fitzgerald

  • Harlem Renaissance in NYC with Langston Hughes and Zora Neale Hurston and jazz

Backlash Against Modern Culture

  • Many protested this new modern culture

  • KKK grew strongly and widened targets from African Americans to Jews, ubranities, and anyone deviant

  • Anti-immigration groups grew targetting those from south and Eastern Europe

  • Emergency Quota Act set immigration quotas based on national origins and sicmriatned against immigrants from Southern adn Eastern Europe

  • Chinese Exclusion Act overturned in 1943

  • Scopes Monkey Trial when a teacher atught evolution and many protested

  • Prohibition

    • banned manufacture, sale, and tarnpsort of alchool

    • Eighteenth Amendment

    • Response to reofrm campaigns by many (espeically chirsitan women)

    • Repealed with 21st amendment

    • Gangster era with lots of crime

Herbert Hoover and the Great Depression’s Beginning

  • Republican Presidnet, able to use a strong economy to get the win

  • October 1929 was the Stock Market Crash of 1929

  • Hoover underestimated the damage

  • WWI had put Europe in a depression too

  • Farmers had been overproducing outsripping the piblcis abilty to buy the food

  • Supply exceeded demand far too much, an underlying cuase of the Great Depression that led to deflation, unemployment, and buisnesses failures

  • Government laxity with large business regulation led to concentrations of wealth in big businessmen

  • Millions lost jobs, went bankrupt, lost savings

  • Hoovervilles were built for the homeless

  • Dust Bowl of the Midwest hurt famers even more whiel they suffered foreclosuresand evictions

  • Hoover opposed federal relief efforst because they violated his idea of rugged invidualism but he initiated a few farm assitance programs and federal works projects when he saw how it worsened

  • Hawley-Smoot Tariff was passed in an effort to help but it worsened everything

    • highest protective tariff in history

  • COngress consdiered early beenfit papyments for WWI vets when they came to Washington to ask for them

    • HOover ordered hte army to expel them and ruined his chances of reelection

  • Franklin D. Roosevelt was next, aruging for an interventionsit govnemrnet and relief payments

The New Deal and World War II (1934-1945)

The First New Deal

  • Roosevelt’s sweeping reforms in response to the Great Depression

  • Early in 1933 they began

  • First Hundred Days of presidency were extremly productive

  • Emergency Banking Relief Bill put poorly managed banks under Treasury Department and gave them govenrmetn liscences

  • Fireside chats to comfort the nation

  • ONce bansk healed, hte Banking Act of 1933 was passed to create the Federal Deposti INsurance Corporation (FDIC) to guarantee depostis to prevent losing money again

  • INflationary measures were inlcuded to raise prices and flow money

  • National Industrial Recovery Act consolidated businesses and coordinated activites to eliminate overproduction adn stabilize prices

  • Public Works Administration

    • created jobs for many

  • Civilian Conservation Corps proivded grants for PWA projects in states

  • Tenessee Valley Authority managed energy distirubtion

  • Securities and Exchange COmmission reuglated the stock market

  • Immediate success politically and eoncomically with unemployment falling and wages rising

  • Democrats won!

The Second New Deal

  • COnservatives disliked the New Deal because of the governmenet’s power and involvement

  • They opposed the higher taxes of the New Deal and the increase of business control the government had; saw relief programs as incentive for the poor to stay that way

  • Deficit spending increased, and they had heart attacks

  • Huey Long and other Leftists saw many policies as immoral and wrongly favoring certain organizations

  • Socialists were gaining popularity calling for government takeovers of businesses

  • New Deal programs became dismantled by SCOTUS in 1935

    • NIRA was invalidated because it was unconstitutional to make laws that created it

    • Roosevelt argued that the depression created a national crisis that warranted the New Deal and its policies

    • Court packing scheme began for Roosevelt to pack the court with democrats to support him, never happened

  • Second New Deal began with the Emergency Relief Appropriation Act

    • created Works Progress Administration that created jobs paid by the government

  • Second Hundred Days

Rural Poor Relief

  • Agricultural Adjustment Act

    • provided payments to farmers in return for their agreement to cut production

  • Farm Credit Act

    • loans for farmers in case of foreclosure

  • Second 100 Days

  • NLRB were democratized unions that punished businesses with anti-union policies

  • Social Security Administration provided retirement benefits

  • Taxes on wealthy were increased

  • New Deal coalition were union members, urbanites, underclass, and more who supported it and Democrats

Keynesian Economics

  • Roosevelt’s respnose to the Great depression was guided by these economics

  • Delibertae deficit spending woudl ensure that every dollar spent woudl reviev the economy

  • People who needed money the most received a little extra to spend and that woudl start teh ccle anew

Roosevelt’s Troubled Second Term

  • First major failure came as term began

  • Judicial Reogrnaiaztion bill drafteed during anger with SCOTUS for overutnring most fo the first new deal’s policies

    • proposed that Roosevelt be allowed to anme a new federal judge for every sitting judge 70+ and unretired

    • would add six new SOCTUS justices and 40 more federal judges

    • packing teh court effort

    • bill was defeated and he was critized for trying to seize too muhc power

  • Recession of 1937

    • period oc ocinitually decreasing output

    • Roosevelt was satfiseifed that the New Deal was owrking adn cut back programs to balance the budget

    • Federal Reserve BOard tightened the credit supply to slow inflation

    • These two things caused it

    • Lasted three yeras

  • Europe woudl fight again, denting his term once more

    • He withdrew money form programs to justify military buildup

  • Fair Labor Standards Act was passed to set minimum wage act

  • END OF NEW DEAL ERA

Yes, IT WORKED

No, IT FAILED

Thousand escaped poverty

Unemployment rates didn’t escape double digits

Immediate relief

Too samll and short lived

Refomred banking and union relations

Recession of 1937

Took bold chnaces in conservative america

Wasn’t equally beneficial

Foreign Policy Leading up to the Second World War

  • Policy objectives: maintaining peace and isolationism

  • Treaty from Washington Conference agreed to set limits on stockplicng armaments and reaffirmed Open Door Policy with China

  • Kellogg-Briand Pact condmemed war as a means of roeign policy

    • no enforemcent but was still good first step

  • Latin America

    • Stepped away from interventionist policies

    • Good Neighbor Policy instead starting 1934

    • Still promoted interests in Latin America

    • Platt Amendment was repealed

    • Economic coercion and support of pro-American leaders was maintainted

    • Maintianted storng but nonthreatneting military presence

  • Asia

    • LEss influence

    • Japan went to war against China and Manchuria

    • Govnerment didn’t embargo shipping to Japan for fear of provoking a war iwth them too

  • Republican adminstraiotns allowed protectionism with tariffs, keeping them high

  • Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act allowed the POTSU to reduce tariffs if he felt doing so would ahcieve foreing policy goals

  • Nye Commission reported enough to makme Congress pass neutrality acts to stay out of the war

    • prohibited sale of arms to belligerents in war and loans to them too

  • Roosevelt poured money into the military just in case of WWII

    • lobbies for erepeal of arms embargo

    • COngress relented with neutrality act that allowed arms sales

      • required Allies to pay cash for weapons and come to America to pick them up with own ships

  • Roosevelt readied America for participation once Poland fell

  • Roosevelt ran for a third term and won

  • Roosevelt worked to assist ithe allies against neutrality acts restircting him

    • he got creative

    • supplied allies with extra weapons and ships with Lend-Lease Act

  • Japan etnered an alliance with Germany and Italy in 1940, France had fallen, British were fighitng HItler

  • America repsonded to Japanese aggression by cutting off trade to them that htey needed

  • Pearl Harbor in Hawaii and its attacks began American participation in the war

World War II

  • Complicated military strategy was seen in WWII

  • Allies met to discuss stratgegy adn postwar sitaution many times

  • SOviet Union and West allied against Germany too with Stalin

  • Roosevelt, Stalin, and CHurchill met in Tehran to plan D-Day, the Normandy invsaion and to agree to divide Germany into occupation zones after they won

  • Stalin entered the war against Japan once Hitler had been defeated

  • Allies fought until 1944 with D-Day

  • Axis powers were defeated by two atomic bombs on Japan

War at Home

  • Rationing was done for nearly all consumer goods

  • Radar, sonar, and tomic bomb had developed

  • Labor Dipsute Act passed inreaction to stirkes

  • Hollywood created propaganda films

  • SElective Training adn SErvice Act of 1940 signed by FDR to create a peacetime draft

  • New opporutnies and tensiosn created

  • African Americnas served in segregated unions

    • desegregated by Truman in 1948

  • Rosie the Riveter motiaved women to work in indsutrial jobs

  • Japanese-American internment began in 1942

    • govnerment restriction of ciivl iiberites

    • americans feared that they were spies and enemy agets

    • SCOTUS upheld this with the USC, ruling that civil liberties could be curtialed and vilated in time of war

      • Korematsu v. US decided this

The End of the War

  • Allies met to discuss Europe’s fate in ‘45 in Yalta

  • Soviets wanted a buffer zone between them and Western Europe to surround himeslf with friendly nations to them

    • romania and iron curtain

  • Allies agreed to:

    • USSR would declare war on Japan

    • United Nations would be created to mediate future disputes like this

  • Truman repped America in Potsdam, but it went badly because SU and USA no longer had common enemy

    • Potsdam declaration was created to estbalish terms for Japanese surrender

  • Atomic bomb was used in Japan in Hiroshima and Nagasaki that caused Japan to surrender in 1945

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