PPP

Health Absence of disease or complete physical, mental, and social well-being Public Health Organized measures to prevent disease and promote health in the population Modifiable Factors Behavioral factors affecting health like smoking and lack of physical activity Making Every Contact Count (MECC) Expectation for healthcare professionals to discuss healthy lifestyles with patients Health Inequalities Disparities in access to healthcare services based on various factors Joint Strategic Needs Assessment (JSNA) Provides local demographic and health data for required health services Health Profiles Compares local health performance to national averages for various health issues National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) Provides evidence base for public health policies Ascertainment Bias Thinking influenced by prior expectations, impacting decision-making Bandwagon Effect Tendency to adopt certain behaviors because others are doing so Cognitive Bias Systematic distortions in human thinking compared to objective reality Bounded Rationality Theory that decision-making is limited by available knowledge Confirmation Bias Seeking information that supports existing beliefs and rejecting contradictory information Virtue Ethics Focus on personal character and finding balance between vice and virtue Consequentialism Morality based on outcomes rather than rules, aiming for the greatest good Categorical Imperative Act only on principles that could be universal laws, unlike using humans as means to an end Common Logical Errors Fallacies like ad hominem attacks and hasty generalizations in reasoning Professional Judgement Process of identifying ethical dilemmas, evaluating solutions, and making justifiable decisions Moral Status The level of ethical consideration given to animals compared to humans Speciesism Belief in human superiority over animals Sentience Capacity to feel, perceive, or experience subjectively Dominion Control or authority over animals Stewardship Responsibility for the care of animals Atheism Absence of belief in deities Animal Testing Medical interventions tested on living animals Consequentialist Ethical theory focusing on outcomes Deontological Ethical theory based on duty and rules Embryo Research Using human embryos for biological studies Saviour Siblings Selecting a baby with compatible tissue for medical purposes Gene Modification Altering organism DNA for new traits Pre-implantation Genetic Diagnosis Testing IVF embryo cells for disease genes Designer Babies Modifying embryos for desired traits Reproductive Cloning Creating copies of organisms through cell nuclear transfer Euthanasia Intentional killing or permitting death for benefit Assisted Suicide Intentionally helping someone to end their life Physician Assisted Suicide Doctor aiding a patient in ending their life Truth-telling Revealing information for respect of autonomy Emergency Contraception Preventing pregnancy after unprotected sex Cu-IUD Copper intrauterine device for emergency contraception Ulipristal Acetate Oral tablet for emergency contraception Levonorgestrel Oral tablet for emergency contraception Conscience Clause Allows pharmacy professionals to abstain from certain services based on personal beliefs. Abortion Act 1967 Legalizes abortion under specific conditions like risk to physical or mental health. Rights-based arguments Support a pregnant woman's right to decide on her body; emphasizes personal freedom. Consequentialist arguments Consider consequences like unwanted pregnancies and overpopulation to support abortion. Sanctity of life Belief that life is sacred and should be protected, often used in anti-abortion arguments. Veterinary Medicine Substances treating or preventing diseases in animals, regulated by specific laws. POM-V Veterinary medicines prescribed by veterinary surgeons only, requiring clinical assessment. POM-VPS Veterinary medicines prescribed or sold by vets, pharmacists, or SQPs, no clinical assessment needed. NFA-VPS Veterinary medicines for non-food animals, prescribed or sold without clinical assessment. AVM-GSL Veterinary medicines for non-food animals sold by any retailer, similar to human GSL. Prescription Requirements Detailed list including prescriber info, animal details, dosage instructions, and necessary warnings. Prescribing Cascade Allows using human medicines for animals under specific conditions, following legal guidelines. Labelling Requirements Specific information needed on labels for different types of veterinary medicines, including dosage instructions. Advertising Regulations Guidelines on advertising vet meds, restrictions on claims, and target audience based on medication classification. Sale and Supply Regulations Legal requirements for pharmacists selling POM-VPS and NFA-VPS, ensuring safe use and competent recipients. Veterinary Surgeons Act 1966 Regulates the actions of veterinary surgeons, including prescribing and advising on animal treatments. Zoonotic Diseases Illnesses that can be transmitted from animals to humans, requiring specialized treatment. Specials Manufacture Customized medication production to meet specific veterinary needs, often done in pharmacy settings. Veterinary Medicine Development Involves research, testing, and production of new medications for animal health.